Text Books:

1. Cloud Computing implementation, management and security by

John W. Rittinghouse, James F. Ransome, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
group, 2010.
2. Cloud Computing: A practical approach by Anthony, Toby J.velte
Robert Elsenpeter, Tata Mc Graw Hill edition, 2010.
 Unit I
UNIT I: INTRODUCTORY
CONCEPTS AND OVERVIEW
Distributed systems, Parallel computing architectures: Vector processing,
Symmetric multi-processing and massively parallel processing systems, High
performance Cluster computing, Grid computing, Service Oriented
Architecture overview, Virtualization. Overview of Cloud Computing: Meaning
of the terms cloud and cloud computing, cloud based service offerings, Grid
computing vs Cloud computing, Benefits of cloud model, limitations, legal
issues, Key characteristics of cloud computing, Challenges for the cloud, The
evolution of cloud computing.
Distributed Systems
• A distributed system is a model in which components located on
networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by
passing messages.
• The components interact with each other in order to achieve a
common goal.
Distributed Systems..Contd..
• In distributed computing, each processor has its own private memory.
• Information is exchanged by passing messages between the processors.
• Figure (a) is a schematic view of a typical distributed system.
• The system is represented as a network topology in which each node is
a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication
link.
• Figure (b) shows the same distributed system in more detail
• each computer has its own local memory, and information can be
exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by
using the available communication links.
Key goals of distributed system
Connecting users and resources
Transparency
Openness
Performance
Scalability
Key goals of distributed system..Contd..
Connecting users and resources
• The main goal of a distributed system is to make it easy for users to access
remote resources and to share them with others in a controlled way.
• printer be shared by several users than buying and maintaining printers for
each user.
Transparency
• It is important for a distributed system to without hiding the location of its
process and resource.
• The various transparencies need to be considered are access, location,
migration, relocation, replication, concurrency and failure.
Key goals of distributed system..Contd..
Openess
• Open distributed system must be flexible making it easy to configure
and add new components without affecting existing components.
• An open distributed system must also be extensible.
Perfomance
• Compared to other models, distributed models are expected to give a
much-wanted boost to performance.
Scalability
• Distributed systems should be scalable with respect to administration
or size.
Parallel Computing Architecture
• Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many
calculations or the execution of processes are carried out
simultaneously.
• Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can
then be solved at the same time.
• A problem is broken into a discrete series of instructions
• Instructions are executed sequentially one after another
• Executed on a single processor.
Types of Parallel Computing
Bit-level Parallelism

Instruction level parallelism

Data level parallelism

Task level parallelism

Types of Parallel Computing…Contd..
Bit-level Parallelism:
• Increasing the word size reduces the number of instructions
• Ex: 8-bit processor must add two 16-bit integers
Instruction level parallelism:
• How many of the instructions in a computer program can be executed
simultaneously. There are two approaches to instruction level parallelism:
Hardware. Software.
Data level parallelism:
• It focuses on distributing the data across different nodes
Task level parallelism:
• Focuses on distributing tasks
Computer System Architecture
Instruction Processing
Vector Processing
Provides high level instructions that operate on entire array of numbers

called Vectors.

A single vector instruction is equivalent to an entire loop.

No loop overheads are required.

Applications :-Super computing, Cluster Computing, Mainframes

Vector Processing..Contd..
Example,
• A, B and C are three vectors containing 64 numbers each.
• The three vectors are mapped to vector registers V1,V2 and V3
• ADDV V1,V2,V3
Vector processing was developed to increase processing
performance by operating in a multitasking manner.
• Matrix operations were added to computers to allow a single instruction to
manipulate two arrays of numbers performing arithmetic operations.
 Advantages: Less memory access = faster processing time
 Disadvantages: Increased code complexity, High Price of On-Chip
vector memory system
Symmetric Multi Processing
• Types of computer system based on number of General Purpose
Processors,
• Single Processor System
• Multi Processor System
• Clustered System
Symmetric Multi Processing
Symmetric multiprocessing is the processing of programs by multiple
processors that share a common operating system and memory.
In SMP systems, each processor is equally capable and responsible
for managing the workflow as it passes through the system.
Symmetric Multi Processing..Contd..
• SMP systems have centralized shared memory called main memory
(MM) operating under a single operating system with two or more
homogeneous processors.

• SMP involves a multiprocessor computer hardware and software

architecture

• The two or more identical processors are connected to a single,

shared main memory, have full access to all input and output devices.
Symmetric Multi Processing..Contd..
Massively Parallel Processing (MVP)
Massively parallel processing refers to multiple computers are
interconnected and they can communicate to each other.
Multiple processors that work on different parts of the program,
with each processor using its own operating system and memory.
It communicate using some messaging interface interconnect . In
some implementations, up to 200 or more processors can work on
the same application.
• Examples, Azur Data WareHouse
 In MPP System, make use of one common file system, so that
program files can be installed in single place.
Massively Parallel Processing (MVP)
• MPP System is very better than SMP system to scale the MPP system
more number of computers could be added.
Cloud Definition
• The cloud is a term referring to accessing computer, information

technology (IT), and software applications through a network

connection, often by accessing data centers using wide area

networking (WAN) or Internet connectivity.

Cloud Computing Definition
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—servers, storage,

databases, networking, software, analytics and more—over the Internet.

Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on sharing computing

resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle

applications.
Uses of Cloud Computing
Create new apps and services
Store, back up and recover data
Host websites and blogs
Stream audio and video
Deliver software on demand
Analyse data for patterns and make predictions
Benefits of Cloud Computing
1. Cost

• Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and

software and setting up and running on-site datacenters—the racks of
servers, the round-the-clock electricity for power and cooling.
2. Speed

• Most cloud computing services are provided self service and on demand,
so even vast amounts of computing resources can be provisioned in
minutes, typically with just a few mouse clicks, giving businesses a lot of
flexibility and taking the pressure off capacity planning.
Benefits of Cloud Computing…Contd..
3. Productivity
• On-site datacenters typically require a lot of hardware set up, software patching and other time-
consuming IT management chores. Cloud computing removes the need for many of these tasks,
so IT teams can spend time on achieving more important business goals.

4. Performance
• The biggest cloud computing services run on a worldwide network of secure datacenters, which
are regularly upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing hardware. This
offers several benefits over a single corporate datacenter, including reduced network latency for
applications and greater economies of scale.
Benefits of Cloud Computing…Contd..
6. Reliability

• Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business

continuity easier and less expensive, because data can be mirrored at
multiple redundant sites on the cloud provider’s network.
Types of Cloud Services
Most cloud computing services fall into three broad categories:

 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

 Platform as a service (PaaS)

 Software as a service (Saas)

These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack, because they build on top of one another
Types of Cloud Services..Contd…
Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS)
• The most basic category of cloud computing services. With IaaS, you
rent IT infrastructure—servers and virtual machines (VMs), storage,
networks, operating systems—from a cloud provider on a pay-as-you-
go basis.
Platform-as-a-service(PaaS)
• Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) refers to cloud computing services that
supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering
and managing software applications. PaaS is designed to make it
easier for developers to quickly create web or mobile apps, without
worrying about setting up or managing the underlying infrastructure
of servers, storage, network and databases needed for development.
Types of Cloud Services..Contd…
Software-as-a-service(SaaS)

• Software-as-a-service (SaaS) is a method for delivering software applications over

the Internet, on demand and typically on a subscription basis. With SaaS, cloud

providers host and manage the software application and underlying infrastructure

and handle any maintenance, like software upgrades and security patching. Users

connect to the application over the Internet, usually with a web browser on their

phone, tablet or PC.

Difference Between Cloud and Grid Computing
Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Cloud computing takes place over the internet. It comprises of a Grid computing is also a kind of network
Definitions collection of integrated and networked hardware, software and system distributed resources including
internet infrastructures. computers, peripherals, switches and data.

 Resource Sharing
 Reduced Investments and Costs
Goals  Uniform, and reliable access to data,
 Increased Scalability storage capacity and computation
power
 Public Clouds
 Distributed Computing Systems
 Private Clouds
Types  Distributed Information Systems
 Community Clouds
 Distributed Pervasive Systems
 Hybrid Clouds
 It saves a lot of time
 Cloud computing is cost efficient
 Resource saving is achieved
 Fast backup and Data Restoration
 Cost saving also occurs due to the
Advantages  Automatic Software Updates
Grid computing systems
 Nearly unlimited Storage
 Space is also saved
 Very easy access to services
 Reliable
STM-boris beizer 29
 Cloud Computing Grid Computing

 The resources of the grid may be

 On-demand network model is used to provide
located at distant places.
Characteristics access.
 It must be built with standard
 It provides broad network access.
services, protocols and inter-faces.

 Management of the resources can

 More elasticity means less control especially in the create some issues.
case of public clouds.
Disadvantages  Security problems may arise.
 Restrictions on available services may be faced, as it
depends upon the cloud provider.  Scheduling problems can often take
place.

On demand self service Yes No

Rapid Elasticity (Scalable

Yes No
Provisioning)
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 Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Network access Can also be accessed through internet. Usually within a corporate network.

Transparency High Low

Time to run Real time No real time

Ownership Single Multiple

Security High Low

Centralized indexing and decentralized info

Discovery Membership services
services

Centralized or can be delegated to third Decentralized and also

User Management
party Virtual Organization (VO)-based

Resource Management Centralized/Distributed Distributed

Portal Accessible Only using IP Via a DNS system

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Limitations of Cloud Computing:
1) Downtime

This may be one of the worst disadvantages of cloud computing. No cloud provider, even the very best, would claim

immunity to service outages. Cloud computing systems are internet based, which means your access is fully

dependent on your Internet connection.

2) Security and privacy

Any discussion involving data must address security and privacy, especially when it comes to managing

sensitive data. what happened to it after its AWS EC2 console was hacked and its data eventually deleted,

forcing the company to close doors forever.

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3) Vulnerability to attack
In cloud computing, every component is potentially accessible from the Internet. Of course, nothing
connected to the Internet is perfectly secure and even the best teams suffer severe attacks and security
breeches. But since cloud computing is built as a public service and it’s easy to run before you learn to
walk. No one at AWS checks your administration skills before granting you an account: all it takes to get
started is a valid credit card.

4) Limited control and flexibility

To varying degrees cloud users have limited control over the function and execution of their hosting
infrastructure. Cloud provider EULAs and management policies might impose limits on what customers
can do with their deployments. Customers are also limited to the control and management of their
applications, data, and services, but not the backend infrastructure.

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5) Cloud computing platform dependencies
Implicit dependency, also known as “vendor lock-in” is another of the
disadvantages of cloud computing. Deep-rooted differences between vendor
systems can sometimes make it impossible to migrate from one cloud platform
to another.

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Legal issues of Cloud Computing
1. Data Location

• Organizations need to know where the data they’re responsible for – both personal customer

data and corporate information -- will be located at all times.

2. Cloud Computing Contracts and Cloud outages

• When a cloud service goes down, users lose access to their data and therefore may be unable to

provide services to their customers. When is a cloud user compensated for the loss of service,

and to what extent? Users need to examine how cloud computing contracts account for cloud

outages
Legal issues of Cloud Computing..Contd..
3. Cross Border Legal Issues
• Cloud inherently being stateless and servers located in different
locations and countries created issues related conflict of laws,
applicable law.
4. Involvement of multiple parties
5. Privacy and Security
• Multi tenant architecture.
• Data from different user are usually stored on a single virtual server.
• Multiple virtual servers run on a single physical server
Legal issues of Cloud Computing..Contd..
6. Audit Trail
• As data is on continuous move and flow in the cloud services, client
should have the right to know where and by whom its data is stored,
accessed, transferred and altered.
• Confirm whether the vendor provides the audit trail rights or not.
7. Exit Issues
• In case of exit can the records be successfully accessed?
• Can data be extracted from the cloud?
• Obligations of each party in case of exit
Key characteristics of Cloud Computing
Key characteristics of Cloud Computing..Contd..
On-demand Self Service
• On-demand self service refers to the service provided by cloud
computing vendors that enables the provision of cloud resources on
demand whenever they are required. In on-demand self service, the
user accesses cloud services through an online control panel.
Broad Network Access
• It means that the service can be accessed from multiple locations
(such as from a corporate office or from home) using multiple
different types of client (such as a Windows PC or an Android mobile).
Key characteristics of Cloud Computing..Contd..
Resource Pooling
Many different customers (individuals, organizations or different
departments within an organization) all use the same servers, storage
or other computing resources.
Key characteristics of Cloud Computing..Contd..
Rapid elasticity or expansion
• Cloud customers can easily scale their use of resources up or down as
their needs change.
Measured service
Customers pay for the amount of resources they use in a given period
of time rather than paying for hardware or software upfront. (Note that
in a private cloud, this measured service usually involves some form of
chargebacks where IT keeps track of how many resources different
departments within an organization are using.)
Challenges for the Cloud:
Cost
• Cloud computing itself is affordable, but tuning the platform
according to the company’s needs can be expensive.
• the expense of transferring the data to public clouds can prove to be
a problem for short-lived and small-scale projects.
• Companies can save some money on system maintenance,
management, and acquisitions. But they also have to invest in
additional bandwidth, and the absence of routine control in an
infinitely scalable computing platform can increase costs.
Challenges for the Cloud..Contd..
Reliability and Availability
• Data provided to the cloud should not leak and the host should provide
the reliability to the customers.
• To eliminate this challenge the services provided by the third party should
be monitored and supervision should be done on performance, robustness
and business dependency.
Interoperability and Portability
• Businesses should have the leverage of migrating in and out of the cloud
and switching providers whenever they want, and there should be no lock-
in period. Cloud computing services should have the capability to integrate
smoothly with the on-premise IT
Challenges for the Cloud..Contd..
Performance and Bandwidth Cost
• Businesses can save money on hardware but they have to spend more for
the bandwidth.
• This can be a low cost for smaller applications but can be significantly high
for the data-intensive applications.
• Delivering intensive and complex data over the network requires sufficient
bandwidth.
Operational Security (Cyber Attacks)
• Another fear of cloud based services is operational security which is closely
related to cyber attacks.
• Any data stored on the internet is at risk of cyber attack, and it can be
highly devastating on the cloud where sizable amount of data is stored.
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing depict a broad movement towards internet and the
use of WAN and enable smooth interaction between IT service
providers of many types and consumers.
• Cloud technology brings with it a large number of key benefits and
risks. These includes:
• Outsourcing to cloud-providers
• Dependence on network
• Dependence on Cloud Providers
• Information Assurance
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing Techniques
1. Virtualization
2. SOA
3. Grid Computing
4. Utility Computing
1. Virtualization
• Allows to share single physical instance of an application or resource
among multiple user.
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
2. Service Oriented Architecture
• Allows to use application as a service for other application
• Allows to exchange of data between various application
• Services are provided to form application through internet
Response
Service Service
Provider Consumer
• Request

1.Search Serv.
Direct Register
Service ory
Consum Servic
er 2. Invokes e
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
Roles in web service architecture
Service Provider
• Owner of the service
• Platform the hosts access the service
Service requestor
• Business requires certain functions to be satisfied.
• Application looking for and invoking an interaction with a service.
Service Registry
• Searchable registry of service description where service providers publish
their service description.
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
Operations in Web Service
Publish
• Service description need to be published in order for service requestor to
find them.
Find
• Service requestor retrieves a service description directly or queries the
service registry for the service required.
Bind
• Service requestor invokes or initiates an interaction with service at run time.
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
Web Service Components
• XML – eXtensible Markup Language
• A uniform data representation and exchange mechanism.
• SOAP – Simple Object Access Protocol
• A standard way of communication
• WSDL – Web Service Description Language
• A standard meta language to described the service offered
• UDDI – Universal Description Discovery and Integration Specification
• A mechanism to register and locate WS based application
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
Advantages
• Service Reusability
• Easy Maintenance
• Platform Independent
• Reliability
• Scalability
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
Grid Computing
• Distributed computing in which a group of computers from multiple
locations are connected with each other.
• Computer resources can be heterogeneous and can be located
anywhere.
• Atleast one computer in a group works as a server.

Utility Computing
• Pay per use model
• Resources are allowed to use on demand as internet service.
Assignment Questions – Unit 1
1. Evolution of Cloud Computing
2. Challenges for the Cloud computing