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BRAIN
BRAIN
ACHMAD AMINUDDIN
MAJOR PARS OF THE BRAIN
THE BRAIN STEM
Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and
midbrain
CREBELLUM
DIENCEPHALON
Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and
epithalamus
CEREBRUM
Fig 14.1
PROTECTIVE COVERING OF
THE BRAIN
The cranium
The cranial meninges
- Duramater
- Falx cerebri
- Falx cerebelli
- Tentorium cerebelli
- Arachnoid mater
- Piamater
Fig 14,2
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
The medulla begins at the foramen magnum
and extends to the inferior border of the pons,
a distance of about 3 cm.
The medulla‘s white matter
- Sensory tracts.
- Motor tracts.
■ Pyramids, are formed by corticospinal tracts
The decussation of pyramids
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
The cardiovascular center
The medullary rhythmicity area of the
respiratory center adjust the basic rhythm of
breathing.
Nuclei controls reflexes for fomiting, coughing
swallowing, hiccuping and sneezing.
Within the olive is the inferior olivary nucleus.
Neuron here relay impulsis from
proprioceptors to the cerebellum
Fig 14.5
Fig 14.6
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
The right and left gracile nucleus and cuneate
nucleus. Associated with snsation of touch,
conscious proprioception and vibration.
The medial lemniscus
Five pairs of cranial nerves
- Vestibulocochlear N.
- Glossopharyngeal N.
- Vagus N.
- Accessory N ( cranial portion )
- Hypoglossal N.
PONS
The pons lies directly superior to the medulla and
anterior to the cerebellum and is about 2,5 cm
Several pontine nuclei
The pneumotaxic area.
The apneustic area
Four pairs of cranial nerves
- Trigeminal n.
- Abducents n.
- Facial n.
- Vestibulocochlear n.
MIDBRAIN
Mesencephalon extends from the pons to the
diencephalon, is about 2,5 cm.
The cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain.
Cerebral peduncles
- Corticospinal tract.
- Corticopontine.
- Corticobulbar.
Tectum
- The superior colliculi
MIDBRAIN
TECTUM
Superior colliculi
- Refflex centers for certain visual activity.
- Responsible for reflexes that govern
movements of the eyes, head and neck in
response to visual stimuli.
Inferior colliculi
Fig 14.7 a
Fig 14.7 b
MIDBRAIN
TECTUM
Inferior colliculi
- Part of the auditory pathway, relaying impul
from the receptors for hearing in the ear to
the thalamus.
These two nuclei are ;
- Reflex centers for the startle reflex.
MIDBRAIN
Substantia nigra
- Release dopamine.
- Extending from the substantia nigra to the
basal ganglia, help control suconscious
muscle activity.
- Loss of these nurons is associated with
Parkinson disease.
MIDBRAIN
Red nuclei
- Axon from the cerebellum and cerebral
cortex form synapses in the red nuclei, which
function with the cerebellum tocoordinate
muscular movements
Cranial nerve
- Oculomotor n.
- Trochlear n.
RETICULAR FORMATION
The broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit
netlike arrangement .
Extends from the upper part of the spinal cord , throughout the
brain stem, and into the lower part of the diencephalon.
Have ascending and descending neurons.
The reticular activating system ( RAS )
- Consists of sensory axons that project to the
cerebral cortex .
- Help maitain consciousness and is activate during
awakening from sleep.
- Help regulate muscle tone .
Fig 16.10
THE CEREBELLUM
Fig 14.8 a
Fig 14.8 c
THE CEREBELLUM
The anterior and posterior lobes govern
subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle
movements.
The flocculonodular lobe contributes to
equilibrium and balance.
Cerebellar nuclei, within the white matter, are
the region of gray matter that give rise to axon
carrying impulses from the cerebellum to other
brain centers and the spinal cord.
CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
The inferior cerebellar peduncles
- Carry sensory information from the vestibular
apparatus of the inner ear and from proprio-
ceptors throughout the body into the cerebe-
llum; their axons extend from the inferior
olivary nucleus of the medulla and from the
spinocerebellar tracts of the spinal cord into the
cerebellum
The middle cerebellar peduncles
CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
The middle cerebellar peduncles
- Their axons carry commands for voluntary
movements ( those that originate in motor
area of the cerebral cortex ) from the pontine
nuclei into the cerebellum.
The superior cerebellar peduncles
- Contain axons that extend from the cerebe –
llum to the red nuclei of the midbrain and to
several nuclei of the thalamus.
THE DIENCEPHALON
Extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum
and surounds the third ventricle.
Includes
- Thalamus.
- Hypothalamus.
- Epithalamus.
THALAMUS
3cm in length and make up 80% of the
diencephalon.
Consist of paired oval masses of gray matter
organized into nuclei with interspersed tract of
white matter.
The intermediate mass joints the right and left
halves of the thalamus in about 70 %
Fig 14.9
THALAMUS
The thalamus is the major relay station for
most sensory impulses that that reach the
primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
from the spinal cod and brain stem. Although
crude perseption of pain ful, thermal and
pressure sensations arise at the level of the
thalamus , precise localization of these
senasations depends on nerve impulses ariving
at the cerebral cortex
THALAMUS
The thalamus contributes to motor functions
by transmitting information from the
cerebellum and basal ganglia to the primary
motor area of the cerebral cortex. It also relays
nerve impulses between different area of the
cerebrum, and plays arole in the regulation of
autonomic activities and the maintenance of
consciousness. Axon that connect the thalamus
and cerebral cortex pass through the internal
capsule
THALAMUS
The internal medullary lamina, devides the
gray matter of the right and left of the
thalamus. It consist of myelinated axons that
enter and leave the various thalamic nuclei.
Seven major groups of nuclei
1. The anterior nucleus, connect to the
hypothalamus and limbic system. It function
in emotions, regulation of alertness, and
memory.
SEVEN MAJOR GROUP OF
NUCLEI
The anterior nucleus.
The medial nuclei, connect to the cerebral cortex,
limbic system and basal ganglia. They function in
emotions, learning, memory, awareness and cognition
Nuclei in the lateral group connect to the superior