History of the Catholic Church

1100-1200
Reference: History of the Catholic
Church by Christopher Dawson
 Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)
• One of the greatest reformers of the middle
ages who became embroiled in a conflict with
Emperor Henry IV.
• A native of Tuscany
• Born to a poor family, moved to Rome, studied
at Sta. Maria al Aventino
• His name is Hildebrand to Pope Gregory VII,
who took his name from Gregory I the Grea
• I have loved justice and therefore dies in exile
• Henry invaded Italy, removed Gregory, and
placed Guibert of Ravenna on the papal
throne as Clement II. Gregory would die in
exile, but his legitimate successors Urban II
(1088-1099) and Paschal II (1099-1118)
refused to submit. Faced by the papacy, the
German nobles, and his own sons Conrad and
Henry, the monarch abdicated in 1105, dying
suddenly at liege in August 1106.
• While his (Gregory VII) work was left
unfinished, it would be continued by his
successors, in particular Urban II (1088-1099).
Gregory VII was considered one of the
greatest popes especially by modern
historians.
 Lay Investiture Controversy
• This was the name given to the long-running
conflict between Church and State over the
right, claimed by secular leaders, of investing
abbots and bishops with their rings and staffs,
receiving from them personal homage before
the religious leaders was consecrated. In 1059,
Pope Nicholas II attacked the practice
followed by Pope Gregory VII.
 The Struggle over Lay Investiture in
England
• The conflict soon involved wider political issues
and spread throughout Christendom.
• St. Anselm, in England, enforced the decree of
the Council of Rome (1098), excommunicating
anyone who took part in lay investiture and
refused in 1100 to give homage to King Henry I of
England.
• The struggle between the Popes and German
kings was resolved by the Concordat of Worms
(1122).
 Urban II (1088-1099)
• Successor of Pope Gregory
• Best known for preaching the First Crusade
• He continued the important work of reform
that had been conducted by Pope Gregory VII
• Urban gave King Roger I of Sicily (1072-1101)
the right of control over the Church in Sicily,
the so called Monarchia Sicula that would
remain in effect until 1869.
• Urban also recognized papal finances and in a
bull of 1089 first used the term curia Romana in
describing the departments that assisted in papal
administration, his reform of the papal
government centralized the Church’s
administrative authority and enhance the power
and prestige of the College of Cardinals
• He died on July 19, 1099, exactly 2months after
the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders.
 Paschal II (1099-1118)
• Born Reinerus in Bieda di Galeata, near Ravenna,
he entered a monastery while still a boy,
eventually becoming abbot.
• He served as legate to Spain for Urban II
• On August 13, 1099, he was elected to succeed
Urban taking the name Paschal.
• Henry IV was excommunicated at the Council of
Rome (1102)
• Paschal excommunicated Henry V in 1116
• Died on January 1, 1118 after returning to Rome
 Callistus II (1119-1124)
• Born Guido di Burgogne (Guido of Burgundy)
• He was the son of Count William I of Burgundy
• Being named in 1088 archbishop of Vienne,
France, by Pope Urban II
• Papal legate in France (1106), he participated in
the Lateran Council of 1112), which proclaimed
the rights of investiture that Emperor Henry V
had forced Pope Paschal. It pronounced to be null
and void. Also presided Council of Vienne,
declared lay investiture to be a heresy.
• In 1119 at Cluny, he was elected the successor of
Pope Gelasius II
• The Concordat of Worms (1122) ended the long
and bitter investiture controversy.
• The Lateran Council of 1123 ratified the
concordat and promulgated a series of decrees
on simony, priestly marriage, and the election of
high ranking churchmen.
• In 1120, Callistus also issued the bull Etsi Judaeis,
which granted some protection of Jews in Rome
Conflicts Between the Papacy and the
Empire
• Schism of Pope Anacletus II (1138)- was an
antipope from 1130-1138, although some
scholars still hold that his claim to papacy
against Pope Innocent II are legitimate. His
reign was part of a serious schism in the
Church.
• He was made cardinal in 1116
• A monk at Cluny
Schism of Pope Anacletus II (1138)
• The conclave to select a successor to Honorius
elected Pietro by a majority as Anacletus II in
1130. A minority, however, chose Cardenal
Gregorio Papareschi as innocent II,
precipitating a schism. Anacletus was
supported by the powerful family of
Frangipani and most Romans, but innocent
received the backing of St. Bernard of
Clairvaux, the Holy Roman emperor Lothair II,
and the Byzantine emperor John II Commenus
Schism of Pope Anacletus II (1138)
• Years of struggle ensued, ending only in 1138
with Anacletus death. The following year,
Innocent called the Second Lateran Council to
end formally the schism.
 Struggle over Power
• Frederick I Barbarossa (1123-1190) King of
Germany from 1152-1190 and Holy Roman
Emperor from 1155, called Barbarossa (Red
Beard) and a formidable enemy of the papacy.
• The son of Frederick (Duke of Swabia) and Judith
(daughter of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, he was
elected German King in 1152 to succeed Emperor
Conrad III in the hopes that he might bring an end
to the terrible dynastic struggles that had plague
the empire. In 1154, he launched a campaign in
Italy, the first of six Italian military adventures.
Frederick I Barbarossa (1123-1190)
• After hanging the disputatious Roman leader
Arnold of Brescia and restoring order to Rome,
he was crowned emperor on June 18, 1155, by
Pope Adrian IV
• In Germany, Frederick made as his principal
objective the establishing of his political
supremacy as a counter to the powerful
German princes who posed chronic threat to
imperial authority.
Frederick I Barbarossa (1123-1190)
• Frederick organized imperial territories
strategically placed between princely lands,
appointing his own agents as governors who
were subject only to his will.
• While he was able to keep in check the
dangerous Henry the Lion (duke of Saxony,
1142-1180; duke of Bavaria, 1156-1180),
Frederick had less luck with other princes.
Frederick I Barbarossa (1123-1190)
• Turning his attention once more to Italy, Frederick
harbored ambitions of promoting imperial rights
in the region, using the Diet of Roncaglia (1158)
to proclaim his intentions of absorbing Italy into
the Holy Roman Empire.
• Opposition was rallied immediately by Pope
Alexander III (1159-1181) and other anti-imperial
cities. Alexander excommunicated Frederick in
1160, fleeing to France the next year when he
received support from France, England, Spain and
Lombardy.
Frederick I Barbarossa (1123-1190)
• In response, Frederick installed an antipopes
Victor IV and Paschal III, invaded Italy in 1166,
and marched against the so called Lombard
League, an alliance of Italian cities.
• His campaign ended in failure, requiring yet
another effort in 1174 that compelled the
Lombards to sign the Armistice of Montebello.
• In 1176, fighting ensued again and Frederick
was severely beaten at the Battle at Legnano.
Frederick I Barbarossa (1123-1190)
• An agreement was reached in 1177 at Anagni
with Pope Alexander by which Frederick
acknowledge his enemy as the true pontiff.
Peace was made in 1183 with the Lombards,
although a diplomatic triumph was achieved
by the marriage of Frederick’s son Henry (VI)
to Constance, heiress of Sicily, in 1186.
Frederick I Barbarossa (1123-1190)
• Three years later, Frederick embarked on the
Third Crusade with Richard the Lionhearted of
England and Philip II Augustus of France. He
drowned while crossing the Salyeh River in Cilicia,
his armor preventing him from escaping a watery
death.
• While an avowed enemy of the papacy, Frederick
became a near legendary figure in German
history, his reign seen as the high point of
German unity during the Middle Ages.
 The Height of the Political and
Temporal Authority of the Popes
• The Pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216).
One of the foremost pontiffs of the Middle
Ages who labored to restore papal supremacy
and to bring reform to the Church, he was
born Lothair of Segni at Gavignano Castle in
Campagna di Roma and was cardinal deacon
at Sts. Sergio and Basco at the time of his
unanimous election on January 8, 1198, the
very day that his predecessor, Celestine III,
died.
 The Pontificate of Innocent III
(1198-1216)
• From the start of his reign, Innocent assumed an
exalted position for the papacy, using the Vicar of
Christ to explain his claims of being “set midway
between God and man, below God but above
man”, however, he stressed his spiritual authority
and was reluctant to interfere in temporal
matters save where moral issues were concerned.
• Nevertheless, political involvement and crisis
filled his reign.
 The Pontificate of Innocent III
(1198-1216).
• He reduced the independence of the Italian
aristocracy to restore his control over the
Papal States, compelled Philip II Augustus of
France to reconcile with his wife and forced
King John of England to accept Stephen
Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.
 The Pontificate of Innocent III
(1198-1216).
• The fourth Crusade, which he supported,
turned against his will into a sack of
Constantinople, in 1204, but innocent
accepted their overthrow of Byzantine empire
in the hope that it might lead to a
reunification of the Eastern and Western
Churches, appointing Thomas Morasini to be
the Latin patriarch of Constantinople.
 The Pontificate of Innocent III
(1198-1216)
• Innocent introduced changes to the Curia,
encourage reforming councils, and insisted on
proper behavior by the clergy.
• He issued more than six thousand letters and
decretals and summoned the Fourth Lateran
Council in 1215. His support of the Franciscans
and Dominicans made the mendicant orders a
viable and recognized source of revitalization
within the Church.
 The Pontificate of Innocent III
(1198-1216)
• The Albigensians and other heretics, however,
earned his condemnation, but it was only
after the murder of his legate in 1208 that
innocent was willing to launch a crusade
against them, the so-called Albigensian
Crusade.
• He died in Perugia on July 16, 1216.
 Frederick II (1194-1250)
• He was German King from 1212-1250 and Holy
Roman Emperor from 1220 whose long reign
marked the zenith of imperial rule in Italy and
was distinguished by his often bitter struggle with
the papacy. The grandson of Emperor Frederick I
Babarossa and the son of Emperor Henry VI and
Constance of Sicily, Frederick was crowned king of
Sicily in May 1198 and was placed under the care
of Pope Innocent III by his mother, who died a
short time later. He made a claim to the
Germanic crown in 1211, gathering the support
of German princes.
 Popes in Conflict with Frederick II
(1194-1250)
• Honrius III (1216-1227). Worthy successor to
the brilliant Innocent III.
• Born Cencio Savelli, to the noble Roman family
of the Savelli.
• He received the post of papal treasurer in
1188 and was made a cardinal priest by
innocent III.
• Elected on July 18, 1216, he promoted a
crusade and labored to reform the Church.
 Honorius III (1216-1227)
• To advance the likelihood of the crusade (already
endorsed by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215),
Honorius pushed his onetime pupil, Frederick II,
to filfill his vow of going on a crusade, a call that
complicated their increasingly stained
relationship.
• Fredrick was twice crowned German King by
Honorius (1212-1215), but his dispute with the
pope over Sicily allowed him to evade his vow.
Honorius crowned Frederick on November 22,
1220, but still the ruler would not set out.
 Honorius III (1216-1227)
• Finally, in 1225, Honorius threatened to
excommunicate him. Only the Pope’s death
ended their troubled relationship.
• Honorius was a patron of the mendicant
orders, particularly their tertiary orders and
instructed King Louis VIII of France to wage
war on the Albigensians of France.
 Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
• One of the foremost Pontiffs of the Middle
Ages, he is best known for his struggle with
Emperor Frederick II. A nephew of Pope
Innocent III, he was born Ugolino of Segni to a
noble family. He studied at the University of
Paris and became a noted canon lawyer and
theologians, and was made a Cardinal in 1198
by his uncle.
• Elected successor to Honorius III.
 The Islam Threat in Europe
• The Origin of Islam and Europe’s Defense
Against It- Religion established by
Muhammad, the prophet (570-632), one of
the world’s great faiths. Considered the latest
of the monotheism, Islam drew its influences
from both Judaism and Christianity and is
founded upon a sacred book, the Koran
(Quran), claimed by Muslim to have been
revealed to Muhammad by Allah, God.
 The Islam Threat in Europe
• The traditional date for the founding of Islam
is 622, the flight of Muhammad to Medina
from Mecca, called the Hegira. From Medina,
Muhammad launched his followers,
conquering Mecca in 630 without a struggle.
The Islamic Empire was created from that
beginning. It was the spread of Islam that
brought it into contact and then conflict with
Christianity.
 The Islam Threat in Europe
• Meanwhile, the Byzantines were in regular
conflict with the various Islamic dynasties that
emerged in the East, and the threat of the Seljuk
Turks compelled them to seek the aid of the
Western Kingdoms and the papacy.
• Already alarmed by the harassment of the
pilgrims trails to Holy Land by the Turks, Pope
Urban II called for a crusade in 1095. The
resulting crusading movement would last from
1095 until 1270 and the fall of the Islamic East.
 The Origin and Development of the
Crusades
• Collective name given the various holy wars
launched during the Middle ages with aim of
recovering the Holy Land from Islamic
domination or to defend Christendom from
attack, both internal and external. The most
famous of the crusades were those
undertaken from 1095-1271 to free the sacred
places of the Middle East.
 The Islam Threat in Europe
• But other crusades were proclaimed, such as
the Albigensian Crusade in Southern France,
the campaigns of the Teutonic Knights in the
Baltic and in parts of Eastern Europe, and the
Reconquista in Spain, which had as its
ultimate aim the expulsion of all Islamic
presence from the Iberian peninsula.
 The Crusade
• The Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus
sent an appeal for aid to Pope Urban II, the
pontiff found all Christendom willing to listen,
In 1095, at Council of Clermont, he called
upon all Christians to take up arms and to go
to crusade. The objective he said was the
capture of Jerusalem, and the rewards was
the spiritual blessings from God; the cry of the
age as expressed by Pope Urban was “Deus
vult!” (God wills!”).
 People’s Crusade (1096)
• Before the armies of the First Crusade reached
Asia Minor, there had occurred what came to
be called the Peoples Crusade. All across
Europe, simple people, their enthusiasm and
zeal set afire by the call for march to the East,
had gathered together into often unruly,
poorly armed, and highly disorganized bands
whose only clear goal was to reach and free
Jerusalem.
 People’s Crusade (1096)
• The two leaders of the People’s Crusade,
Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit,
took their followers across Asia Minor.
Thousands soon died of starvation and thirst.
Pilgrims were cut into pieces by the Turks near
Cibotus or massacred at various sites in
Anatolia.
 First Crusade (1096-1099)
• The First Crusade is considered the most
successful of all the campaigns into the Holy
Land, as it brought not only the capture of
Jerusalem but the birth of the Crusader
States, the Latin States, some of which would
survive until 1291.
• Among the leaders of the crusade were
Bohemond of Taranto, Count Raymond of
Tolouse, and Godfrey of Bouillon.
• Having conquered Jerusalem, many knights
went home, but others remained and over the
next years the Crusader States were formed,
including the principality of Antioch, the
county of Edessa, and most importantly, the
kingdom of Jerusalem.
 Second Crusade(1147-1149)
• This crusade was mounted in response to the
threat to the Crusader States that had
materialized in the wake of the capture of
Edessa in 1144 by Imad ed-Din Zengi, atabeg
(for governor) of Mosul.
• Its leaders were King Louis VII and Emperor
Conrad III of Germany.
 Second Crusade(1147-1149)
• This campaign was an absolute disaster, as
Conrad was virtually destroyed by the Turks at
the Battle of Dorylaeum. Louis then decided
to besiege Damascus, only to be forced to
withdraw by the approach of Imad’s son, the
dangerous Nur ed-Din Zengi.
 Third Crusade(1189-1192)
• The Third Crusade was the necessitated by the
successes of the great Islamic general Saladin
(1193) whose rise as a major figure in the Slamic
world was certified by his stunning capture of
Jerusalem on October 2, 1187.
• In response, three of the most powerful figures in
all Christendom agreed to embark for the Middle
East: Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, King
Richard, the Lionhearted of England, and King
Philip II Augustus of France.
 Third Crusade(1189-1192)
• Frederick died while en route in Cilicia, falling
into the river and drowning.
• Richard, after conquering Cyprus, arrived at
Acre where he was awaited by Philip. After
two bloody years of fighting, Acre finally fell
on July 12, 1191.
• Philip then withdrew as a result of squabble
with English King, and Richard was forced to
contend with Saladin alone.
 Third Crusade(1189-1192)
• The king defeated Saladin at Arsuf on
September 7, 1191, but he realized that
Jerusalem was beyond his resources.
• Instead, a Treaty was signed with Saladin that
permitted pilgrims to enter Jerusalem.
 Fourth Crusade(1202-1204)
• Back in Europe, meanwhile, the Holy See
continued to round up support for another
effort. Leading the cause was Pope Innocent III
(1198-1216). He won the promise of several
promising leaders such as Baldwin of Flanders,
Boniface of Monferrat, and Geoffrey of
Villehardouin.
 Fourth Crusade(1189-1192)
• The crusaders obliged over the protests of the
pope, and while at Zara, were offered money
to overthrow the imperial government at
Constantinople on behalf of the son of the
deposed emperor Isaac II Angelos.
• On June 23, 1203, the crusaders arrived at
Constantinople and in July removed the
Emperor Alexios III in favor of the young
Alexios and his father.
 Fourth Crusade(1189-1192)
• These two proved to be weak, however, and
on April 13, 1204, the city was taken over by
the crusaders.
• The Latin Empire of Constantinople was
founded, lasting from 1204-1261. During that
time, the Latin (Roman) rite would be forced
upon the Byzantine population and the regime
would earn the undying hatred of the Greek.
 The Religious Orders
• The Benedictine Orders. One of the greatest
monastic orders, the Benedictine were
established in the sixth century in an effort to
continue the highly influential example of
monastic life set by St. Benedict of Nursia (480-
550).
• Carthusians- Contemplative order founded in
1084 by St. Bruno (1101). Its name is taken from
the Grande Chartreuse, a valley near Grenoble
France. The members tried to adhere in spirit and
by custom to the example of the founder.
 Carthusians- Contemplative order
founded in 1084 by St. Bruno (1101)
• Over time, a rule became necessary and one
was finally compiled by Gigues de Chatel (or
Guigo), the fifth prior of Grande Chartreuse, in
1127.
• It was not written with any kind of formal
authority, but it was given approval in 1133 by
Pope Innocent II. A new edition was issued in
1258, called Statuta Antiqua, the Statuta Nova
appeared in 1368.
 Camaldolese
• Known in full as the Congregation of the Monk
Hermits of Camaldoli, a religious order
founded in 1012 at Camaldoli, near Arezzo
Italy, by St. Romuald. The monastery at
Fontebuono (founded in 1102) was along
regular cenobitic, meaning that the religious
lived in a community rather than as hermits.
In 1523, a reform group of the Camaldolese
was founded under Congregation of Monte
Corona.
 The Augustinian Orders
• Augustinian Canons- Also called the “Black
Friars,” Black Canons, or Regular Canons, the first
religious order in the Church to adhere to the
common life for canons, meaning that the canons
of a particular diocese the staff of a Cathedral
followed the Rule of St. Augustine with its call for
poverty, celibacy, obedience and strict monastic
life. By the 1100s, most canons of the Church
belonged to the Augustinians and were called
Regular Canons or Black Canons.
 Premonstratensian Canons
• In Latin, Canonici Regulares
Praemonstratenses, abbreviated O. Praem,
the order is also called Norbertines or, in
England, the White Canons (from the color of
their habits). Founded by St. Norbert in 1120
at Premontre, near Laon France. The O.
Praem. Attempted to combine the active life
of the religious with the strict, prayerful life of
a contemplative.
 Premonstratensian Canons
• Their success in this effort contributed
enormously to the creation of the environment in
the 1100s that made possible the rise of the
mendicant orders with their austere but active
friars.
• The order at first adopted the Rule of St.
Augustine, but because of Norbert’s close
friendship with St. Bernard of Clairvaux and the
natural ties that developed with the Cistersians,
the order practiced rigorous asceticism.
 Premonstratensian Canons
• Papal approval was granted in 1125 by Pope
Honorius II, and the canons soon spread over
Western Europe.
 Victorines
• Name given to the canons regular of the one
time Abbey of St. Victor in Pavia, founded by
William of Champeaux (1121). The Victorines
acquired a great reputation for their learning,
including mystics, theologians, and scholars
among their ranks. Notable Victorines were
Hugh of St. Victor (1142), Adam of St. Victor
(1177 or 1192), Richard of St. Victor (1173),
and Walter of St. Victor (1180).
 The Major Military Orders
• Knights of Calatrava- The greatest of the
chivalric Spanish orders, launched in the
twelfth century after the fortress of Calatrava
(which had been abandoned by the Knights of
Templars) by Abbot Ramon Sierra, with a band
of monks and soldiers. After the abbot died in
1164, the monks departed, but the soldiers
chose to remain, creating a military force to
defend Calatrava.
 Knights of the Holy Sepulcher
• An order launched during the First Crusade
(1095-1099), receiving approval in 1122 from
Pope Callistus II. The purpose of the knights
was originally to defend the Basilica of the
Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, but they also
helped fight against the Muslims in the Holy
Land and to provide protection to the pilgrims
journeying to the sacred places. The knights
were force to leave Jerusalem in 1244. In
1847, Pope Pius IX reconstituted the order.
• Livonian Knights (1202) begun in Germany, also
known as the Brother of the Sword
• Knights of Malta (1530) The name used for
military order that was established in the later
century to care for pilgrims to the Holy Land.
Originally known as Knights of Hospitallers, the
Order of the Hospital of St. John, or the Knights of
Jerusalem, the first organization was born around
1070. It adopted a military function in the
struggles against Muslims, receiving papal
approval in 1113 from Pope Paschal II.
• Knight of Rhodes- in 1312 became politically,
financially, and militarily powerful throughout the
Mediterranean.
• Knights of Our Lady of Montjoie. A Spanish order
launched in the Holy Land. Its founder is named count
Rodrigo, a one time member of the Knights of
Santiago. Approved in 1180 by Pope Alexander III
(1159-1181), they eventually possessed extensive
holdings in Castile and Ascalon. Its headquarters were
at Montjoie, outside of Jerusalem until the loss of the
Holy Land to the Muslim.
• Knigts of Santiago. An order begun in 1158 in
Castile, Spain, with the purpose of fighting
against the Moors. Papal approval was granted in
1175 and the next year were spent in active
campaigning against the Moors. After acquiring
considerable wealth, the knights came to own
holdings in England, Palestine, France, and
Hungary. Its most notable grand master was
Alvaro de Luna (master from 1445-1453), who
won the Battle of Higuera (1431).
• Templars: Also called The Knights of Templar or
the Poor Knights, one of the best known of all
military orders during the Middle Ages. The
Templars were begun around 1119 in the Holy
Land when a group of knights gathered together
under the French knight Hugh de Payens; they
took the name from the section of Jerusalem that
was given to them by King Baldwin II of
Jerusalem, traditionally said to be near the
former Temple of Solomon. They took possession
of the fortress of Acre and held it until 1291.
• Teutonic Knights: A German Order, in Latin, Ordo
Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum (German
Order of the Hospital of Holy Mary). One of
history’s greatest and long its most feared
military order, the Teutonic Knights were begun in
1190 at Acre as a group of charitable knights, lay
brothers, and priests funded by the merchants of
Bremen and Lubeck. Take part in military
operations in Syria and elsewhere in the Holy
Land, and was granted formal approval in 1199 by
Pope Innocent III.
 Mendicant Orders
• Name given to those religious orders requiring of
their members a vow of poverty, a renunciation
of worldly possessions, and a willingness to beg
or work for food.
• The mendicant order were born in the 12century
out of the sincere movement within the Church
to counter the rampant corruption and
materialism of the times and to adopt lifestyles
that were truly faithful to the Church’s call for
poverty, charity, and a total dependence upon
the providence of God.
 Mendicant Orders
• Two monumental figures gave solid
foundation to the mendicant movement: St.
Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) and St. Dominic
(1170-1221); they established respectively the
Franciscans and the Dominicans.
• They were later join by the Carmelites and the
Augustinians.
 Mendicant Orders
• While opposed by many priests and prelates, the
mendicants soon grew immediately popular,
especially among the poor, and the orders
gradually received the enthusiastic support of the
papacy, which granted the right to hear
confession and to preach.
• The name mendicant came from the Latin
mendicare (to beg), and friar, derived from frater
(brother) which was used to distinguish the
mendicants from monks- a reference to their
closeness to the average people & their humility
 Rise of the Universities
• There were struggles for control of the schools
between authorities and university masters,
conflicts that at times led to riots and civil
unrest. Some schools were closed and
students migrated out of the university.
• Oxford University was founded by English
scholars who had fled France in 1167.
 Rise of the Universities
• Prestige was acquired by some schools
through papal or royal patronage.
• Frederick I Barbarossa gave definite privileges
to the University of Bologna
• University of Paris was recipient of papal
approval- the chief center for theology and
high reputation for scholastic excellence,
respected professor of the time, among them
Peter Abelard and Hugh of St. Victor
 Rise of the Universities
• The mendicant orders won their place in the
thirteenth century, they brought with them
such profound theologians and philosophers
as St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Albertus Magnus,
St, Bonaventure, and Bl John Duns Scotus.
 Summary
• Knighthood is elevated and sanctified by the
Church
• War is put to a holy use when princes and
kings unite under the leadership of the Pope
to rescue the Holy Places in Jerusalem
• New religious communities are Founded:
Benedictines, O.Praem, Military Orders,
Mendicant Orders, etc
 Summary
• The story of the struggle of the Popes to
maintain their authority against the temporal
rulers (Separation of Church and State)
• Inquisition becomes a means of combating
new heresies
• The Muslim continue to spread their religion
• The Holy Land was not delivered out of the
hands of the Turks
 Summary
• The Crusades advantage was that the Turks
were held back from attacking Europe
• Failure to unite the Greeks from the Roman
Church but because of the crusade, the West
became acquainted with the East.
• Many of the finer things of Greek culture were
brought back to Italy, Germany and France.
• Products of the East were introduced to West.