IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN RESEARCH

(Resnik, 2007)

1. Ethicspromotes the pursuit of knowledge,

truth, and credibility. It also fosters values
that are essential to collaborative work.
Research often involves a great deal of
cooperation among people in different fields
of disciplines. The important values include
trust, accountability, mutual respect, and
fairness.
2. Many of the ethical norms ensure that
3. Adherence to researchers are held
ethical principles accountable
helps to the public.
build public
support for research. People are more likely to fund
research studies that promote a variety of important
moral and social values such as social responsibility,
human rights, animal welfare, and health and safety.
 consis
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH

1. Honesty. This must be maintained in all communications (e.g., when reporting

data, results, and procedures). Data should never be fabricated, falsified, or
misrepresented.
2. Objectivity. Biases should be avoided in the experimental design, data
analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and the other aspects of research.
3. Integrity. Consistency of thought and action is the foundation of the credibility
of any research work. Promises and agreements should be kept and all actions
should be made with a sincere purpose.
4. Care. Careless errors and negligence should be avoided. Your work and the
works of your peers should be critically examined. Records of research
activities should be kept in good order and condition.
5. Openness. The researcher should be open to criticisms and new ideas.
Research data, results, ideas, and resources should also be shared with the
public.
6. Respectfor intellectual property.
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible publication
9. Responsible mentoring
10. Respect for colleagues.
11. SocialResponsibility. Social good should be promoted and
social harm should be avoided.
12. Non-discrimination. All those eligible to participate in
research should be allowed to do so.
13.Competence. Professional competence and expertise
should be maintained and improved with the research.
14.Legality. A researcher should know and obey relevant laws,
and institutional and government policies.
15.Human Subject Protection. Harms and risks to human lives should be
minimized. Human dignity, privacy, and autonomy should be among the
primary considerations of research.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
(Trochim, 2006; Smith, 2003; Polit, 2006)

1. Voluntary Participation. Any

person should not be coerced to
participate in any research
undertaking.
2. Informed consent. Prospective
research participants must be
fully informed about the
procedures and risks involved in
the research. Their consent to
participate must be secured.
3. Risk of Harm. Participants
should be protected from
physical, financial, or
psychological harm.

Principle of Non-maleficence:
states that it is the researcher’s
duty to avoid, prevent, or
minimize harm to the
participants of the study. 5. Anonymity. The participants
must remain anonymous
4. Confidentiality. Participants throughout the study even to
must be assured that their the researchers themselves.
identity and other personal
information will not be made
available to anyone who is not
directly involved in the study.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING

For a writing to be considered ethical, it should be clear,

accurate, fair, and honest (Kolin, as cited by Roig, 2006)

The following reminders must be taken into consideration for

ethical research writing (Logan University, 2016):
1. Findings should be reported with complete honesty.
2. Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation, and
misleading claims must be avoided.
3. Appropriate credit should be given when using other
people’s work.
4. Plagiarism should be avoided by fully acknowledging all
content belonging to others.
Plagiarism refers to the act of
using another person’s ideas,
words, processes, and results
without giving due credit.
 ACTS OF PLAGIARISM:
1. Claiming authorship of a work or creation done by another
person
2. Copying an entire written work or a portion of it– including
words, sentences, and ideas—without acknowledging the author
3. Failing to put quotation marks to distinguish a quotation taken
directly from a source
4. Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
5. Merely changing the words but retaining the sentence structure
so that the selection or quotes still bears a resemblance to the
original source
6. Using so many words and ideas from the original source that it
makes up a large portion of your work, even if you acknowledge
the original author
Plagiarism should not be tolerated as
the unauthorized use of original ideas
and works constitutes a violation of
intellectual property rights.
“Intellectual property refers to creations of the
mind: inventions; literary and artistic works;
and symbols, names, and images used in
commerce.” (WIPO, 2004)

Industrial Property includes patents,

trademarks, and industrial designs.

Copyright includes published works such as

literary works, textbooks, reference books, and
other artistic works such as creative design,
film, music, radio broadcasts, and performance
art.
 Republic Act 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines)
(Published works):
“Published works” means works,
which, with the consent of the
authors, are made available to
the public by wire or wireless
means in such a way that
members of the public may access
these works from a place and
time individually chosen by them:
Provided, that availability of such
copies has been such, as to satisfy
the reasonable requirements of
the public, having regard to the
nature of the work...
(Copyright Ownership):
178.1 Subject to the provisions of this
section, in the case of original literary
and artistic works, copyright shall belong
to the author of the work;
178.2 In the case of works of joint
authorship, the co-authors shall be the
original owners of the copyright, and in
the absence of agreement, their rights
shall be governed by the rules on co-
ownership. If, however, a work of joint
authorship consists of parts that can be
used separately and the author of each
part can be identified, the author of each
part shall be the original owner of the
copyright in the part that he has created.