CDMA 2000 Network Structure

and Components
CDMA Standard Design is made
up a different network components
CDMA2000 1x Network Elements

CDMA consists of following elements

Mobile Station (MS):

The BTS transmits and receives radio
signals, realizing communication
between the radio system and the
mobile station.

The MS is the mobile subscriber

equipment, which can originate and
receive calls and communicate with the
BTS. Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
Base Station Controller (BSC)
The BSC implements function:
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS) control and management
• Call connection and disconnection
• Mobility management
• Stable and reliable radio link provision for the upper-layer
services by soft/hard handoff
• Power control
• Radio resource management.

Packet Control Function (PCF):

The PCF implements the R-P connection management.
Because of the shortage of radio resources, some radio
channels should be released when subscribers do not
send or receive data, but the PPP connection is maintained
continuously. The PCF can shield radio mobility for the
upper-layer services via handoff.
Packet Data Service Node Home Agent
Packet Data Service Node (PDSN):
The PDSN implements the switching of packet data services
of mobile subscribers. One PDSN can be connected to
multiple PCFs. It provides the interface between the radio
network and the packet data network.

Home Agent (HA):

The agent locates at the place where the Mobile Node opens its account; receive the
registration information from MN, Similar as HLR in mobile network. Broadcast the
accessible information of MN. Setup the tunnel between FA&HA. Transfer the data
from other computer to the MN via the tunnel.
Mobile Switching Center/Visitor
Location Register
Mobile Switching Center (MSC):
The MSC implements the service switching between the calling and
called subscribers. One MSC is connected with multiple BSCs. The
MSC can also be connected to the PSTN, ISDN or other MSCs. It
provides the interface between the radio network and PSTN.

Visitor Location Register (VLR):

It is a dynamic database, stores the temporary information (all data
necessary to set up call connections) of the roaming subscribers in the
local MSC area.
VLR is used to store the subscriber information of all the MSs in its local
area, which can be used to establish the incoming/outgoing call
connections, to support basic services, supplementary services and
mobility management.
Home Location Register (HLR)
Home Location Register (HLR):
It is a database for mobile subscriber management, the
HLR (Home Location Register) is responsible for storing
subscription information (telecom service subscription
information and subscriber status), MS location
information, MDN, IMSI (MIN), etc. The AC

(Authentication Center) is physically combined

with the HLR. It is a functional entity of the HLR,
specially dedicated to the security management
of the CDMA system. It stores the authentication
information. It also prevents unauthorized
subscribers from accessing the system and
prevents the radio interface data from being
stolen.
 cdma2000 Uplink Frame Structure
Radio Configuration 3

modulation
symbol
channel
bits encoder Convolutional symbol symbol block
CRC tail bits repetition puncture interleaver C
or Turbo Coder

Bits/ CRC tail Data Rate Code

Frame bits bits kbps Rate Repeats Delete Symbols
16 6 8 1.5 1/4 16 1 of 5 1536
40 6 8 2.7 1/4 8 1 of 9 1536
80 8 8 4.8 1/4 4 none 1536
172 12 8 9.6 1/4 2 none 1536
350 16 8 19.2 1/4 1 none 1536
744 16 8 38.4 1/4 1 none 3072
1512 16 8 76.8 1/4 1 none 6144
3048 16 8 153.6 1/4 1 none 12288
6120 16 8 307.2 1/2 1 none 12288
 cdma2000 Uplink Modulator
Secondary
Traffic 2 C
+  pulse
wS 2 d _ shape
Pilot A
cos(  c t )
Control B
+
wC c 

Primary +
C
Traffic
wD1 d
+
Secondary + pulse

Traffic 1 C shape

wS1 d sin(  c t )
c long,I c long,Q
 cdma2000 Downlink Frame Structure
Radio Configuration 9
modulation
symbol
channel
bits encoder Convolutional symbol symbol block
CRC tail bits or Turbo Coder repetition puncture interleaver W

Bits/ CRC tail Data Rate Code

Frame bits bits kbps Rate Repeats Delete Symbols
21 6 8 1.8 1/2 8 none 576
55 8 8 3.6 1/2 4 none 576
125 10 8 7.2 1/2 2 none 576
267 12 8 14.4 1/2 1 none 576
552 16 8 28.8 1/2 1 none 1152
1128 16 8 57.6 1/2 1 none 2304
2280 16 8 115.2 1/2 1 none 4608
4584 16 8 230.4 1/2 1 none 9216
9192 16 8 460.8 1/2 1 none 18432
20712 16 8 1036.8 1/2 1 2 of 18 36864
Other similar tables in specification.
 cdma2000 1X DL Modulation
Processing
01

symbol puncture
channel
+ YI

power control
W
1  -1 gain
modulation
symbol power
rate control fwd pwr
ctrl gain YQ
bits

puncture
I/Q scrambling timing
bit extract 800 Hz

long long pwr ctrl

code decimate
code bit pos
mask
 W-CDMA Versus cdma2000 [2]
Parameter W-CDMA cdma2000
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 3.75 MHz
Chip rate 4.096 MHz 3.6864 MHz
Data modulation BPSK FW – QPSK; RV - BPSK
Spreading Complex (OQPSK) Complex (OQPSK)
Power control frequency 1500 Hz 800 Hz
Variable data rate implement. Variable SF; multicode Repet., puncturing, multicode
Frame duration 10 ms 20 ms (also 5, 30, 40)
Coding Turbo and convolutional Turbo and convolutional
Base stations synchronized? Asynchronous Synchronous
Base station acquisition/detect 3 step; slot, frame, code Time shifted PN correlation
Forward link pilot TDM dedicated pilot CDM common pilot
Antenna beam forming TDM dedicated pilot Auxiliary pilot
TD-SCDMA Modulation Overview
 Principles of TD-SCDMA (Time Division
Synchronous Code Domain Multiple
Access)
•TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Domain Multiple Access) is a multiple access technology,
which is a combination of code division multiple access (CDMA) and time division multiple access
(TDMA).
•TDD (Time Division Duplexing) is used in TD-SCDMA to separate the uplink and downlink.
•The frame length (or the TDD interval) of TD-SCDMA is 5 ms and the whole frame is divided into
downlink and uplink by the two switching points.
•Both the uplink and downlink periods are divided into timeslots. The total number of timeslots is 7.
•The ratio for uplink/downlink can be reconfigured to provide symmetric or asymmetric data services.
•Within each timeslot, the CDMA is implemented with the maximum spreading factor of 16.
•In other words, up to 16 code channels can be within the same timeslot.
•In TD-SCDMA the CDMA chip rate is 1.28 Mcps and each carrier occupies 1.6 MHz bandwidth.
Resource Unit (RU)
•Compared with GSM, the smallest unit in the frame of TD-SCDMA is the basic Resource
Unit (RU), which is defined by frequency, timeslot (TS), and code channel with spreading
factor.
•The basic RU uses a spreading factor of 16.
•Notice that halving the Spreading Factor doubles the number of RU's.
TD-SCDMA Frame Structure at 1.28Mcps
All physical channels utilize a three-layer structure: Super frame, Radio frame, and Sub-frame.

•Timeslot (TS): 7 total timeslots (0 through 6), 864 chips in duration.

•Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL) timeslots are separated by switching points.
There are two switching points per sub-frame.
One switch point is fixed at the end of TS0,
the other may be moved to the end of any other timeslot.
•TS0 is always allocated as downlink.
•TS1 is always allocated as uplink.
•Three special Timeslots (TS):
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Timeslot, 96 chips
UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Timeslot, 160 chips.
GP: main Guard Period for TDD operation, 96 chips
•The system supports symmetric and asymmetric mode by properly configuring
the number of DL and UL timeslots.
A physical channel is defined by frequency, timeslot, channelization
code, burst type, and Radio Frame allocation. The scrambling code and the basic
midamble code are broadcast and may be constant within a cell. When a
physical channel is established, a start frame is given. The physical channels can
either be of infinite duration or finite duration defined for the given allocation.
 TD-SCDMA Burst Structure
•A physical channel in TDD is a burst, which is transmitted in a particular timeslot within
allocated Radio Frames.
• The allocation can be continuous or discontinuous.
•A burst is the combination of two data symbol fields, a midamble, and a guard period.
•The duration of a burst is one timeslot. Several bursts can be transmitted at the same time
from one transmitter.
•In this case, the data part must use different OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor)
channelization codes, but the same scrambling code.
•The midamble part has to use the same basic midamble code, but can use different
midamble shifts.
•The data part of the burst is spread with a combination of channelization code and
•scrambling code.
•The channelization code is an OVSF code, which can have a spreading factor of 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16.
•The data rate of the physical channel depends upon the used OVSF code and spreading factor.
•The following figure shows a typical TD-SCDMA Frame Structure for a traffic timeslot
including the symbol numbering convention.
• It assumes a Spreading Factor of 1 and Data fields containing 352 symbols each.
 •Timeslot (Burst):
Each timeslot is 675 us, 864 chips.
oChannel estimation for uplink and downlink.
oPower measurements.
oMaintaining uplink synchronization.

•Data Symbols:
Two Data fields at 352 chips each. The number of symbols depend on the
Spreading Factor. May include optional TPC power control bits, TFCI bits,
and uplink SS (synchronization shift) synchronization bits.
oChannel estimation for uplink and downlink.
oPower measurements.
oMaintaining uplink synchronization.
•GP (Guard Period):
16 chips, used to avoid timeslot multi-path interference
oChannel estimation for uplink and downlink.
oPower measurements.
oMaintaining uplink synchronization.
 •Midamble field:
144 chips formed from one of 128 basic midamble sequences with 128 chips each.
The 128 sequences are divided into 32 groups corresponding to 32 SYNC-DL codes.
Each group consists of 4 different basic midamble sequences.
Basic midamble sequences are used as training sequences for:
oChannel estimation for uplink and downlink.
oPower measurements.
oMaintaining uplink synchronization.
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Timeslot

•Used for DL synchronization and cell initial search.

•96 chip length: 32 chips for GP, 64 synchronization.
•The GP used to avoid interference between the last DL traffic TS and the DL sync pilot burst.
•32 different SYNC-DL group codes, used to distinguish base stations.
•Transmitted radially in all direction with no beam forming capability.
 UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Timeslot

•Used for UL initial synchronization, random access, and measurement for adjacent cell
handoff.
•160 chip length: 128 for SYNC, 32 for GP
•The GP fields are used to separate the UL pilot from the traffic UL timeslot.
•There are 256 different SYNC codes, which can be divided into 32 groups and each group
includes 8 different SYNC codes, i.e., each base station has 8 different SYNC codes.
 TD-SCDMA Specification Summary

TD-SCDMA Characteristic Figure

Bandwidth 1.6 MHz

Chip rate per carrier 1.28 Mcps

Frame Rate 10ms

Spectrum spreading mode DS SF=1/2/4/8/16

Modulation QPSK / 8PSK / 16QAM

Channel coding Convolutional codes: R=1/2,1/3 Turbo implemented

Interleaving 10/20/40/80 ms

Super frame 720ms,Radio frame 10ms

Frame structure
Subframe 5 ms

Uplink synchronisation 1/2 chip

Number of voice channels per carrier 48

Spectrum Efficiency 25Erl./MHz

Total transmission rate provided by each carrier 1.971Mbps

 TD-CDMA
•Most of the 3G UMTS networks use a frequency division duplex scheme where
uplink and downlink transmit simultaneously and use different frequencies.
• However time division duplex, TDD where uplink and down link use the same
frequency but transmit at different times has some distinct advantages in some
circumstances.
•It is particularly useful where the amount of data required in uplink and downlink
is different as it is possible to adjust the length of time allocated to uplink and
downlink accordingly.
•As a result UMTS TDD was used for a number of mobile internet connections,
although it did not experience hugely widespread use.
 TDD - time division duplex
•A communications system requires that communication is possible in both
directions: to and from the base station to the remote station.
•There are a number of ways in which this can be achieved.
•The most obvious is to transmit on one frequency and receive on another.
• The frequency difference between the two transmissions being such that the two
signals do not interfere. This is known as frequency division
•duplex (FDD) and it is one of the most commonly used schemes, and it is used by
most cellular schemes.
•It is also possible to use a single frequency and rather than using different
frequency allocations, use different time allocations. If the transmission times are
split into slots, then transmissions in one direction take place in one time slot, and
those in the other direction take place in another.
•It is this scheme that is known as time division duplex, TDD, and it is used for
UMTS-TDD.
•In order for radio communications systems to be able to communicate in both
directions it is necessary to have what is termed a duplex scheme. A duplex scheme
provides a way of organizing the transmitter and receiver so that they can transmit
and receive.
• There are several methods that can be adopted. For applications including wireless
and cellular telecommunications, where it is required that the transmitter and
receiver are able to operate simultaneously, two schemes are in use. One known as
FDD or frequency division duplex uses two channels, one for transmit and the other
for receiver.
•Another scheme known as TDD, time division duplex uses one frequency, but
allocates different time slots for transmission and reception.
•When using a TDD system, there are a number of characteristics that are pertinent
for TDD systems.
•These characteristics need to be accommodated when developing or using TDD
systems.
•Utilisation of unpaired bands: Typically there is more traffic in the downlink (network to
the mobile) than in the uplink (mobile to network). Accordingly the operator is able to
allocate more time to the downlink transmission than the uplink. This is not possible with the
paired spectrum required for FDD systems where it is not possible to re-allocate the use of
the different bands. As a result of this, it is possible to make very efficient use of the available
spectrum.
•Discontinuous transmission: In any TDD system it is necessary to switch between transit
and receive. This takes a certain amount of time. Not only does it take time forthe mobile
and the base station to change between transmit and receive in terms of ramping up or
down the power, along with the settling of any transients. In addition to this the time is
required between transmit and receive to accommodate the transmission time between the
mobile and the base station. As a result a guard band is required.
•Uplink / downlink interference: As both uplink and downlink share the same channel
there can be interference between the two transmission directions. To overcome this, base
stations are synchronised to ensure that they do not transmit when an adjacent base station
is receiving, otherwise the better siting and possible higher power level will cause
interference.
•Equivalent conditions for uplink and downlink: As both uplink and downlink use the same
channel, they are subject to the same propagation conditions. With FDD systems using
different frequencies for the uplink and downlink there are significant differences. By using
the same frequency fading conditions can be counteracted more effectively.
 UMTS TDD / FDD comparison
Parameter UMTS TDD UMTS FDD
Multiple access method TDMA, CDMA CDMA
Duplex method TDD FDD
Channel spacing 5 MHz[1] 5 MHz
Carrier chip rate 3.84 Mcps 3.84 Mcps
Time slot structure 15 / 14 slots / frame 15 slots / frame
Frame length (ms) 10 10

Multirate concept Multicode, multislot and OVSF[2] Multicode, and OVSF[2]

(1) traffic bursts

Burst types (2) random access burst N/A
(3) synchronisation burst

Detection Coherent based on midamble Coherent based on pilot symbols

Uplink: open loop 100 Hz or 200 Hz rate

Dedicated channel power control Fast closed loop 1500 Hz rate
Downlink: closed loop max 800 Hz rate

Spreading factors 1 .. 16 4 .. 512

 UMTS TDD details
•UMTS TDD uses many of the same basic parameters as UMTS FDD. The same 5 MHz channel
bandwidths are used. UMTS TDD also uses direct sequence spread spectrum and different users and
what can be termed "logical channels" are separated using different spreading codes. Only when the
receiver uses the same code in the correlation process, is the data recovered. In W-CDMA all other
logical channels using different spreading codes appear as noise on the channel and ultimately limit
the capacity of the system. In UMTS TDD, a scheme known as multi user detection (MUD) is
employed in the receiver and improves the removal of the interfering codes, allowing higher data
rates and capacity.
•In addition to the separation of users by using different logical channels as a result of the different
spreading codes, further separation between users may be provided by allocating different time
slots. There are 15 time slots in UMTS TDD. Of these, three are used for overhead such as signaling,
etc and this leaves twelve time slots for user traffic. In each timeslot there can be 16 codes. Capacity
is allocated to users on demand, using a two dimensional matrix of timeslots and codes.
•In order for UMTS TDD to achieve the best overall performance, the transport format, i.e. the
modulation and forward error correction can be altered for each user. The schemes are chosen by
the network, and will depend on the signal characteristics in both directions. Higher order forms of
modulation enable higher data speeds to be accommodated, but they are less resilient to noise and
interference, and this means that the higher data rate modulation schemes are only used when
signal strengths are high.
•Additionally the levels of forward error correction can be changed. When errors are likely, i.e. when
signal strengths are low or interference levels are high, Similarly higher levels of forward error
correction are needed under low require additional data to be sent and this slows the payload
transfer rate. Thus it is possible to achieve much higher data transfer rates when signals are strong
•and interference levels are low.
Spectrum allocations for UMTS TDD
•Standard allocations of radio spectrum have been made for 3G
telecommunications systems in most countries around the globe.
• In Europe and many other areas spectrum has been allocated for UMTS FDD
between 1920MHz to 1980MHz and 2110MHz to 2170MHz.
•For UMTS TDD spectrum is primarily located between 1900MHz and 1920MHz
and
•between 2010MHz and 2025MHz.
•In addition to this there are some other allocations around 3 GHz.
UMTS TDD performance
•UMTS TDD is able to support high peak data rates. Release 5 of the UMTS
standard
provides HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access). The scheme allows the use
of a higher order modulation scheme called 16-QAM (16 point quadrature
amplitude modulation), which enables peak rates of 10 Mbps per sector in
commercial deployments.
•The next release increases the modulation to 64-QAM, and introduces inter cell
interference cancellation (called Generalized MUD) and MIMO (multiple in,
multiple out).
•In combination, these increase the peak rate to 31 Mbps per sector.