Industrial

Mathematics 2
TIP-FTP-UB
Oleh Azimmatul Ihwah
Functions Graphs
Industrial Mathematics 2
TIP-UB
Graph of Linear function
• Common form : y = f(x) = ax + b
where, a and b is constants
a = slope / gradient
b = intersect point at y-axis

• The graph :
Graph of Linear function
• Example : Sketch the graph of y = 2x + 6
Solution  Intersection point with x-axis ?
Intersection point with y-axis ?
Graph of rational function
•  Graph of rational function from y = (ax + b)/(cx + d) is a hyperbole with,
vertical asymtot at x = – d/c
horizontal asymtot at y = a/c

• Steps to draw a rational function graph :

Step 1 : draw the asymtot
Step 2 : plot two dots to each side of vertical asymtot
Step 3 : connect two dots in the right and left of asymtot

Example : x Y

0 -2

1 ½

-2 8

-4 14/3
Graph of quadratic function
• Common equation of a quadratic function is y = ax2 + bx + c

• Graph of quadratic function is a parabolic graph, could be facing up

or down.
Facing up  vertex is at the lowest point (slope)
Facing down  vertex is at the highest point (peak)

y = ax2 + bx + c
facing up if : a is positive
facing down if : a is negative
Graph of quadratic function
• Symmetrical Line
• A parabole has a symmetrical line at the middle that cuts the hyperbole into
two symmetrical sides.  always crosses vertex !

• If the quadratic function equation is y = ax2 + bx + c, the symmetrical line

equation denoted as :   −𝒃
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂

• Example :
Find the symmetrical line from equation
y = 3x2 + 18x + 7 ?
  − 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖
𝒙= =− =− 𝟑
𝟐 .𝟑 𝟔
Graph of quadratic function
• Determining vertex
• Symmetrical line is always crossing vertex  can determine the x-
axis coordinate of the symmetrical line.

• Example :
Find the vertec coordinates from equation
y = -2x2 + 8x – 3 ?
  −𝟖 −𝟖
𝒙= = =𝟐
𝟐. (− 𝟐) − 𝟒

x = 2  y = -2.(2)2 + 8.(2) – 3
= -8 + 16 – 3
y = 5  Vertex (2,5)
Graph of quadratic function
• Drawing a parabole
• Step 1 : find the symmetrical line
• Step 2 : find the vertex
• Step 3 : find another two dots, reflects them using symmetrical line.
• Step 4 : connect all five dots to form a hyperbole

• Example :
Draw a graph from the equation
y = 2x2 – 4x – 1 !
Draw Graph of The Functions Below
•  
1. y = -x2 + 3x – 1

2. y = 2x + 3

3. y = x2 + 2x + 1
Exponential function
• Exponential function
• Exponential function is defined as :
f(x) = ax
where a > 0, a ≠ 1, and x is any real number

• Example : f(x) = 2x

x f(x) (x, f(x))

-2 ¼ (-2, ¼)
-1 ½ (-1, ½)
0 1 (0, 1)
1 2 (1, 2)
2 4 (2, 4)
Exponential function
• Exponential function
• Domain and Range ?

Graph of f(x) = ax, a >1 Graph of f(x) = ax, 0 < a < 1

Exponential function
• Exponential function
• From the earlier equation of f(x) = 2x, draw :
a. f(x) = 2x – 1
b. f(x) = 2-x + 1
Graph of logarithmic function
• Logarithmic function with basis a where a > 0 and a ≠ is defined as :

• When converting an exponential form into a logarithmic form, make

sure that both forms are equally converted.

Examples : Log2 16 = 4 Log4 1 = 0

Log3 1/9 = -2 Log3 31/2 = ½
Graph of logarithmic function
• Exponential vs Logarithmic
Fungsi Eksponensial di mana
a > 1 ( f  x  a x )
Daerah asal berupa bilangan real
Range merupakan bilangan real
positif
Tidak terdapat titik potong pada
sumbu x karena tidak ada nilai x
yang dapat membuat fungsi
bernilai =0
Titik potongnya selalu (0,1)
karena a 0 = 1
Grafiknya selalu meningkat
Sumbu x ketika y = 0adalah
asimtot horizontal untuk x  - 
Fungsi Logaritma di mana
a > 1 ( f  x   log a x )
Range berupa bilangan real
Daerah asal merupakan bilangan
real positif
Tidak ada titik potong dengan sumbu
y
Titik potong dengan sumbu x selalu
(1,0)
Grafiknya selalu meningkat
Sumbu y (di mana x = 0) adalah
asimtot vertikal
Graph of logarithmic function
• Exponential vs Logarithmic

Grafik Eksponensial Grafik Logaritma

Grafik fungsi invers direfleksikan berdasarkan garis y = x

Graph of absolute value function

• Absolute value function :

- is a linear equation
- V-shaped graph
- graph making is similar to the graph of linear equation
- has a vertex !  different from linear function
- common form : y = |x – b| + c , where b and c are real numbers
Graph of absolute value function

• Example :
Draw a graph from y = |x + 1| – 2
• Solution :
- find the vertex coordinate : (b, c)
- find the other values of x and y to draw a graph
 Graph of trigonometry function

• Graph of sin function

x 0 /2  3/2 2
Sin x 0 1 0 -1 0

• Graph of cos function

x 0 /2  3/2 2
Cos x 1 0 -1 0 1
 Graph of trigonometry function
• Examples
Sketch the graph of y = 2.sin (– 3x)
Solution :
Rewrite the function into the form of y = a sin bx with b > 0
Gunakan sifat trigonometri sin (– x) = – sin x
y = 2.sin (– 3x) = – 2.sin 3x
Amplitudo : |a| = | –2| = 2
Periode : 2/b = 2/3
x 0 /6 /3 /2 2/3

y = -2 sin 3x 1 -2 0 2 0
Draw the Graph of The Functions Below
•  

1. y = 2.cos (–3x)
2. y = 2-x + 2

3. y = 2 log 2x
4.