Introduction to Microbiology

LECTURE (1)

)1( ‫محاضرة‬
‫ بديع النقيب‬.‫د‬
 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

?What is Microbiology
Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
Bio – life
logy - study of

Microbiology : defined as the study of organisms too small to be seen with the
naked eye. These organisms include viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa.
Microbiologists are concerned with characteristics and functions such as
morphology, cytology, physiology ,ecology , taxonomy, genetics, and molecular
.biology

Microbes, or microorganisms : are minute living things that are usually unable to be
viewed with the naked eye . What are some examples of microbes ? Bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, algae, viruses are examples! Some are pathogenic Many are beneficial
: The importance of Microbes
Infection is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in •
the population.• Approximately 30% of hospital patients are on antibiotics at
.any one time• 1 in 10 patients acquires an infection whilst in hospital
The Germ Theory of Disease
1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections •
after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause
.animal diseases
Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilize surgical •
instruments and to clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post- operative infections
and made surgery safer for patients

Taxonomy►
Eubacteria -true bacteria, Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing •
peptidoglycan
Archaea –odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat,…etc •
Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan in cell wall
Eukarya- have a nucleus, & organelles •
Formal system originated by Carl von Linné (1701-1778)
Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology (1927, 1984 and 2001)
Domain Taxonomic ranks
K ingdom Kingdom – Prokaryotae
P hylum Phylum – Gracilicutes
C lass Class – Scotobacteria
O rder Order – Eubacteriae
F amily Family – Enterobacteriaceae
G enus Genus – Escherichia
s pecies Species - coli

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 Species and Subspecies
:Species
Collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern
of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs
significantly
:Strain
A population of microbes descended from a single individual or
pure culture (biovars, morphovars)
:Type
Subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup
(serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses
(phage type)

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:Today, microorganism names originate from four different sources

Descriptive – For example Staphylococcus aureus (grape-like cluster of spheres, golden in color),.1
Streptococcus viridans (chains of spheres, green in colony color), Proteus vulgaris (first and
. common), Helicobacter pylori (spiral shaped rod at the entrance to the duodenum)

Scientist’s names – e.g., Escherichia coli (Theodor Esherich ), Erlichia (Paul, Erlich) Nessieria .2
(Albert Neisser ), Listeria ( Joseph Lister), Pasturella( Louis Pasteur), Yersinia ( Alexandre Yersin) ,
. Bartonella (Alberto Barton) , Morganella (H. de R. Morgan), Edwardsiella (P. R. Edwards)

Geographic places – e.g., Legionella longbeachiae (Long Beach, California), Pasturella .3

tularensis (Tulare County, California), Pseudomonas fairmontensis (Fairmount Park,
Pennsylvania), Mycobacterium genavense (Geneva, Switzerland), Blastomyces brasiliensis(Brazil),
. Providencia spp. (Brown University, Providence, RI)

Organizations – e.g., Legionella (American Legion), Afipia felis (Air Force Institute of .4
Pathology), Cedecea spp(Centers for Disease Control), Bilophila wadsworthia (VA
WadsworthMedical Center in Los Angeles)
:Bacteriology
defined as the study of bacteria, which concerned with
characteristics and functions such as morphology, cytology,
physiology ,ecology , taxonomy, genetics, and molecular
biology
: Bacteria: can cause
Diseases▪
Infections▪
Epidemics▪
Food Spoilage▪
Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseases ●
About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases ●
of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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95%●
Bacteria
The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. All living organisms on earth
.are made up of single or many cells
Bacteria are single cellular microscopic organisms. The study of bacteria
is known as bacteriology and it is a branch of microbiology. The singular
world of bacteria is bacterium. Bacteria have been grouped into
.prokaryotic, which means absence of nucleus
Bacteria are located everywhere – air, water, land, and living organisms
including people

:Bacteria contain
.A singular, circular piece of DNA
.tiny circular pieces of DNA called plasmids
.Ribosomes
 Classification bases of bacteria

CLASSIFICATION BACTERIA
On the Basis of Shape
On the Basis of Staining
On the Basis of Action
On the Basis of Oxygen Requirement
On the Basis of pH
On the Basis of Temperature
On the Basis of Structure
On the Basis of Osmotic Pressure
:ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE
:Shape: bacteria have a rigid wall which determines their shape they may be
. Bacillus (plural: Bacilli) = rod-shaped .1
. Coccus (plural: Cocci) = sphere-shaped .2
. Spirillum (plural: Spirilla) = spiral-shaped .3
Vibrio e.g Vibrio cholerae .4
Spirochete e.g Treponema pallidum .5

:Arrangement
Cocci●
Monococci (Cocci in singles) e.g Monococcus spp .1
.chains e.g.Streptococci.2
.clusters e.g. Staphylococci.3
Diplococci e.g.Pneumococci.4
Tetrad (Cocci in group of four) e.g Micrococcus luteus .5
Sarcina (Cocci in group of eight)e.g Sarcina rosea .6
.Agled pairs or palisades e.g. Corynebacteria .7
 Baccilli
Dipplobacilli e.g Clostridium .1
Coccobacilli e.g Bordtella pertusis .2