ADVERBS

Group 7
CONTENTS:
• Functions, Types, Placement and Meaning
• Adverb Clauses
• Adverb and Adverbial Phrases
• Connectors
Definition:
An adverb is a word that is used to change, modify or qualify
several types of words including an adjective, a verb, a 
clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase,
with the exception of determiners and adjectives, that directly
modify nouns.
Functions:

Adverbs can perform a wide range of functions:

they can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other
Ex:
•adverbs.
The power company uses huge generators
which are generally turned by steam
turbines.
• Jaime won the race, because he ran quickly.
An adverb may provide information about the
manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or
other circumstances of the activity indicated by
the verb.

Ex:
• Suzanne sang loudly (loudly modifies the
verb sang, indicating the manner of
singing)
• You often make mistakes (often modifies
the verb phrase make mistakes, indicating
frequency)
Adverbs can also modify noun phrases, prepositional
phrases, or whole clauses or sentences.

Ex:
• I bought only the fruit (only modifies the noun
phrase the fruit)
• Roberto drove us almost to the station
(almost modifies the prepositional phrase to the
station)
 • Adverbs of Frequency
Most used adverbs: always, sometimes,
often/frequently, usually, seldom,
rarely/hardly ever, never, etc)
EX:
Types of  He always wears a shirt and tie.
Adverbs:
 I usually buy all my vegetables at the
market.

On the scale of 0 – 100%, how would you rate “sometimes”?

• Adverbs of manner
Most used adverbs of
manners: efficiently,
quietly, carefully, slowly,
badly, closely, easily, well,
fast, quickly, etc
Ex:
 The children were
playing happily with their
toys.
 The police dealt with the
incident very efficiently.
• Adverbs of time
Most used adverbs of time:
now, yesterday, soon, later,
tonight, tomorrow, yet, alr
eady, then, last
month/year, etc
Ex:
 I’m going to hang out with
my friends tomorrow.
 She’d already gone when
we got there.
• Adverbs of Place
Most used: off, above, on,
away, back, here, out,
outside, behind, in,
everywhere, anywhere, etc
Ex:
 His children
go everywhere with him.
 Let’s open the box and see
what’s inside it.
• Adverbs of Degree
Most used: quite, too, very,
extremely, rather, almost,
absolutely, enough, just,
greatly, etc
Ex:
 He was quite agreeable to
accepting the plan.
 I’m not absolutely certain I
posted it.
• Adverbs of Attitude
Most used: fortunately,
honestly, hopefully,
interestingly, luckily, sadly,
seriously, surprisingly,
unbelievably, etc
Ex:
• Hopefully, he will reach the
top.
• Honestly, I couldn’t eat
another bite.
• Adverbs of Certainty
Most used: clearly,
definitely, doubtfully,
doubtlessly, obviously,
probably, etc
Ex:
 David is clearly unhappy to
be here.
 Obviously, we don’t want
to spend too much money.
 • Adverbs of Judgement
Most used: generously, kindly, rightly,
spitefully, stupidly, unfairly, wisely,
• Conjunctive
wrongly, etc Adverbs List (Linking
Adverbs List)
Ex:
Such as accordingly, besides,
Types of comparatively,
She kindly lentconversely, further, hence,
me her bicycle.
Adverbs in comparison, incidentally, furthermore,
The jacket is
otherwise, very generously cut.
however, instead, therefore,
likewise, thus, etc
Ex:
 Furthermore, they had not consulted with
her. Some of the laws were contradictory. 
 Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify
them.
 • At the beginning
Adverbs placed at the beginning of the clause are often
separated by a comma

Unfortunately,
Sometimes shethis
Ex: wishes
summer
it was
is not
particularly
so hot. hot
• In the middle
When it is an auxiliary or tobe (such as am/is/are;
do/does, etc), the adverb usually stands before or
Placement follows it
Ex:
He always takes
The summer is usually hot
flowers to his
andgirlfriend.
humid.
• At the end
The adverbs that most frequently appear at the end
of the sentence are: frequency, manner, time
Ex: She sang that song very well
Some adverb cannot be last in a sentence: always,
ever, rarely, seldom and never
 Focus Adverbs
Focus adverbs are used to draw attention to a particular part
of a clause.
Adding
Negatives
information
Ex: Neither Tom nor James Ex: Tom is coming to the party
turned up at the party and is also bringing James

Type
s
Ex: You can either bring Ex: Just Tom is coming to the party
Tom or James to the
party
Limiting
Choices
information
Focusing adverbs can take the initial, middle, or final position in a
sentence depending on what you want them to draw attention to

1. “Only Jen can play piano for her friends at the party.”

• Implication: Nobody else can play piano for her friends.
2. “Jen can only play piano for her friends at the party.”
• Implication: Jen can’t do anything else at the party, or Jen cannot play
any other instruments for her friends.
3. “Jen can play only piano for her friends at the party.”
• Implication: Jen cannot play any other instruments for her friends.
4. “Jen can play piano for only her friends at the party.”
• Implication: Jen can play piano for her friends, but not for anybody else.
5. “Jen can play piano for her friends only at the party.”
• Implication: Jen cannot play piano for her friends in other
circumstances.
Negative Adverbs
Negative adverbs meaning “almost not”, such as:
• Hardly

• Barely

• Scarcely

Negative adverbs meaning “not often” or “not ever”, such as:

• No longer

• Rarely

• Seldom
Negative adverbs that emphasize quick
succession of events, such as:
• Hardly Inversion:
• No sooner
When we use them for events in quick succession, we
must use them in combination with
Negative adverbscarcely and barely),
either when (for hardly, + auxiliary verb + S + V
or than (for no sooner)
Ex: We had hardly finished cleaning when the guests arrived
Ex:
• Rarely does Jane go to the library
• Only by working hard can you make a lot of money
• Hardly had I studied when it cut off the power
Adverbials
• An adverbial is a word or a group of words that modifies or
explains us something about the verb and the sentences
• They can be categorized as adverbials of manner, adverbials
of time and adverbials of place
• We can use adverbials to say how, where, when, how often,
how long and why something happens
Ex:
 He ran as quickly as possible
 They have been living in this house for over twenty years
Adverb Clauses
• An adverb clause is a dependent clause that acts as an
adverb in the sentence
• Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions
• Adverb clauses can often be moved around in a sentence, and
the sentence will still make sense-even if you put them at the
beginning or the end of the sentence
Ex:
 When you get home, call me
 Wherever you see a rainbow, a rain shower has been
recent
Adverb and Adverbial Phrases
Reducing adverb clauses of time to adverb phrases
Adverb clauses can be reduced subject and changed into phrases

Active: omit auxiliary verb “to be” and change to verb “ing”

 Ex: When he was studying, he heard the alarm.

=> When studying, he heard the alarm.

Passive: keep the verb participle and omit auxiliary verb “to be”

 Ex: The building will be used as a library when it is completed.

=> The building will be used as a library when completed.

Changing adverb clauses of time to adverb phrases
Rules for changing adverb clauses:
• The subjects of both the adverb clause and main clause must be the
same
• Omit the subject of the adverb phrase and change the verb to –ing
• “When” change to“ ON/UPON”

Ex:
 Before we left, we visited Rome.

=> Before leaving, we visited Rome.

 When they saw REG speak, many Italians were moved.

=> On seeing REG speak, many Italians were moved.

Changing adverb clauses of time to adverbial phrases
• Adverb clauses beginning with while can be changed to modifying
adverbial phrases
• Clauses beginning with after, before, and since can also be reduced to
modifying phrases
• Be careful with subjects of sentences

Ex:
 Since Ellen returned to school, she has been very busy.

=> Since returning to school, Ellen has been very busy.

 While May was shopping at the grocery store, she ran into one of her
teachers.

=> Shopping at the grocery store, May ran into one of her teachers.

Changing adverb clauses of reason to adverbial
phrases
Rule:
• Remove the subordinating conjunction
• Remove the subject
• Change the verb to the gerund form
Ex:
 Because he was late, he drove to work.
=> Being late, he drove to work.

Note: When using the negative form of the verb, place "not"
before the gerund when reducing
Ex:
 As he didn't want to disturb her, he left the room quickly.
=> Not wanting to disturb her, he left the room quickly.
 Connecto
rs

Coordinating Subordinating
Transition
conjunction conjunction
Coordinating
conjunction
Examples: I like playing football and listening to music.
I didn’t have enough money so I didn’t buy that
book.

For As Nor But Or Yet So

=> FANBOYS
Functions of the coordinating conjunction

And :I like cats and dogs.

Nor: I don’t like cooking nor

Addition washing dishes.

Or :You can watch TV or read

book
Functions of the coordinating conjunction

Contrast

Yet : I took a
But : He works book with me
quickly but Or :He was
last week, yet I
accurately. lying-or was he?
didn’t read a
single page.
Functions of the coordinating conjunction

Condition : Or : Turn the heat down or it’ll burn.

Cause/Reason : For : I do exercise every morning, for I want to
keep fit.
*How to use coordinating
Effect/Result : So : Itconjunctions
is raining now,with
socomma.
I can’t go home.
• IfIfcoordinating
In coordinatingconjunction
enumeration, conjunction
we use commas connects
connects 22independent
betweenwords
foreorunits,
2 phrase words,
the last unit we
comma
can use is
clauses, not
comma
we necessary.
must oruse
not.comma
Example: She wascan
IMany singare
worried,
fruits and
so Idance.
good didfor
some
yourresearch.
eyes such as carrots, oranges,
tomatoes (,) and mangoes.
Subordinating conjunction

Example: - I play games after I finish my homework.

-Although he is old, he goes jogging every
morning.

*Some subordinating conjunctions:

• If, even if, only if, unless
• Although, though, even though, whereas, while
• As, because, since
• After, before, when, while
Subordinating conjunction

Subordinating
Function Examples
conjunction

• The picnic will be canceled

if/only if it rains
If, only if, even if, unless
Condition • We will hold the party even if
 
it rains

• The crop will die unless it rains

• She walked home by herself,

• although/though/even though
she knew that it was
Although, though, even
dangerous.
Contrast though, whereas, while
 
• My mother is cooking
while/whereas my father is
watching TV now.
Subordinating conjunction

Function Subordinating
Examples
conjunction

As, because, since • I didn’t go to school yesterday

  as/because/since it rains so
Cause/Reason heavily.

After, before, when, while • She washes dishes after she

has dinner.
• I have breakfast before I go to
school
Time • I will give you present when I
meet you.
• While I am cleaning the floor,
my sister is washing dishes.
*How to use subordinating conjunction with comma
-We use comma between 2 clauses when dependent clause
places before independent clause.

Example: After we discussed in a hour, we solved our

problem.
We solved our problem after we discussed in a
hour.
Transition: Connecting sentences
and blocks of text
Effect Transition Words
• To emphasize or add to an idea • likewise, in addition, also, as well,
furthermore

• conversely, nevertheless, on the

• To transition to a different or even other hand, on the contrary,
opposite idea although
• To reach a conclusion • thus, therefore, consequently, as
a result

• admittedly, of course, naturally

• To admit a concession
• first/second/third, a/b/c, lastly,
• To point out a sequence next, then, finally
Examples of transitions
Transitions : connecting sentences
1. She couldn’t remember name. Furthermore, she forgot
addresses
2. Older people should eat several small meals a day. Otherwise,
their money might deteriorate.
3. I often have troubles with names. However, I always remember
faces
4. He wanted to improve his memory. Therefore, he took a
memory course
5. He studied for his course. Meanwhile, his wife read a book
Examples of transitions
Transitions : connecting blocks

1. First of all, we need to distinguish between two types of

memory
2. For example, you need to stay mentally active
3. To summarize: Memory improvement requires work
4. In conclusion, we can prevent the deterioration of memory
Conclusion: Connectors in English