Professional Documents
Culture Documents
New Chap16
New Chap16
Early methods of organizing stored information such as manuscripts was haphazard, making it difficult
to find specific pages, documents
Initial divisions were between things that were beneficial or harmful and then evolved into categories
for food, medicine, tools.
Thomas Jefferson
Third President of the United States
1743 - 1826
“[The people] are in truth the only legitimate
proprietors of the soil and government.”
An inveterate collector of books, Jefferson sold his personal library to Congress in 1815 in
order to rebuild the collection of the Congressional Library, destroyed by fire in 1814.
In January 1815, Congress accepted Jefferson's offer, appropriating $23,950 for his 6,487
books, and the foundation was laid for a great national library.
The Jeffersonian concept of universality, the belief that all subjects are important to the
library of the American legislature, is the philosophy and rationale behind the
comprehensive collecting policies of today's Library of Congress.
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Zoological Sciences
In 1876 Melvil Dewey introduced
his Dewey Decimal Classification
The Zoological Sciences, the
system . 590's, are divided into ten
He is known as the founder of
subdivisions.
modern librarianship. 591 Zoology
His book categorizing system is
592 Invertebrates
based on ten class of subjects 593 Protozoa
with subtopics.
594 Mollusa
This system is still used today – 595 Other Invertebrates
in 95 percent of all city and public
school libraries in the US and
(worms and insects)
more than 135 countries 596 Vertebrates
worldwide.
597 Fishes
598 Reptiles and Birds
599 Mammals
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
With computer networking, paper file cards were replaced by digital versions
and this conversion made the search engine necessary.
After WWII, the Cold War set in and the US military needed a way to
communicate across the country if other forms of communication were
disrupted.
Google creators
Sergey Brin & Larry Page
Each worth 7 billion
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Analysis of Google
• Most Popular Because Easy to
Use
• Good use of Graphic Design
• Mixes Searching with
Advertisements*
• 71 Percent of 7-12 Graders Use
Internet as Main Source
The Minitel is a Videotex online service accessible through the telephone lines,
and is considered one of the world's most successful pre-World Wide Web online
services.
Users get easy access to the Internet via a program that is organized in content and graphic design
similar to a magazine… AOL is one example.
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Media Convergence
Services offered through the telephone,
TV and computer will likely morph into
one – teleputers…We can see this in the
devices we now have… cell phones with
pictures, internet connections and other
features.
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
A new trend with both search engines and directories is the purchase of listings.
Search engines and directories now offer Web site owners the opportunity to pay a fee in return for a
listing in a better position in its search results listing and, in some cases, even a guaranteed top position.
Should searchers be wary of purchased placements? Not necessarily, but as always, searchers should
review each site with a critical eye.
* Google
* Yahoo!
* MSN
* AOL
* Ask Jeeves
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Background on these search engines
Google (google.com)—Google is one of the largest search engines on the Internet with more than 3 billion
searchable pages. Ranking of results is based on page popularity measured in links from other pages.
Yahoo! (yahoo.com)—Yahoo! is the Web's oldest directory. In late 2002, Yahoo! began using Google's search
engine to generate its main results, but Yahoo!'s search results pages still show categories that link to Web sites that
have been reviewed and approved by an editor.
MSN (msn.com)—MSN is a hybrid search engine. MSN has a team of editors who monitor the most popular
searches being performed and determine sites believed to be the most relevant. MSN also uses search results from
the human-powered LookSmart (looksmart.com) directory. For more obscure queries, it uses crawler-based results
from Inktomi (inktomi.com).
AOL (search.aol.com)—AOL Search is a search engine that provides users with editorial listings from Google. It is
possible that the same search on Google and AOL Search will come up with very similar matches. The AOL Search
primarily is used by AOL subscribers.
Ask Jeeves (ask.com)—Ask Jeeves is a hybrid search engine that allows the user to ask a question using "natural
language" and then deliver Web pages that answer that question. If Ask Jeeves cannot find an answer within its own
database, it will provide matching Web pages from other search engines.
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Remote-Controlled Hunting
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Ethical Perspective
Privacy Concerns – esp. personal information
TiVo Snooping
A service that allows customers to digitally record
television with a DVR -- digital video recorder –
that is controlled by the TiVo operating system.
TiVo sends users viewing records to corporate headquarters, however…
Encryption
Information security is provided on computers and over the Internet by a variety of methods. A simple
but straightforward security method is to only keep sensitive information on removable storage media
like floppy disks. But the most popular forms of security all rely on encryption, the process of encoding
information in such a way that only the person (or computer) with the key can decode it.
Cookies
Cookies are very small text files (usually around 50 to 150 bytes and always less than 4kb) downloaded
from a Web site by your browser. Some stay in your Random Access Memory and are deleted when
you close your browser. Others are saved to your hard drive when you close your browser. They are
used by Web site owners to remember your preferences and by advertisers to track your online habits,
and target ads according to your interests. The use of the term "your" is a little misleading. It's not
really "your" visits that are recorded, but "someone's." Cookies do not identify you, but they can keep
track of your movements from page to page on a site.
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Ethical Perspective A blind person surfing the web will most likely use very much
the same computer as someone who is sighted.
• Access Considerations The basic personal computer is supplemented by technology
• Sharing Costs called screen access software, which translates information on
the screen into synthesized speech or Braille. The program
• Availability for All used to surf the web will most likely be Microsoft Internet
• Accessibility Issues Explorer.
• Americans with Disability
When entering a web page, the blind person will probably
Act (ADA), 1990 check out the hypertext links that are on the page.
• Web Accessibility
This is usually accomplished by jumping from link to link with
the Tab key; the screen access software automatically reads
the highlighted text as the focus moves from link to link.
Cultural Perspective
Many popular portals (sites that have news, information and links) are commercial.
Some alternative initiatives are BLOGS or Web logs – public bulletin boards in which users
publish a personal journal on almost every topic imaginable with contributions from
anyone.
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Bookmarks allow users to mark favorite sites – personalizing the users experience
These are addresses or URLs that get the user back to a favorite site.
The first part of the address indicates what protocol to use, and the second part
specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located.
For example, the two URLs below point to two different files at the domain
pcwebopedia.com.
The first specifies an executable file that should be fetched using the FTP protocol; the
second specifies a Web page that should be fetched using the HTTP protocol:
ftp://www.pcwebopedia.com/stuff.exe
http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html Web terms:
URL, Protocol, Http, Blog,
Cyberspace
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
Protocol
An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices.
Future directions:
Now: newspapers on the web – the
end of printed newspapers?
Visual communication is a two –way process – the sender and the receiver .
Strong messages combine aesthetical elements with content that matters.
Emotional and intellectual attributes are culturally bound, making it a challenge to create
successful messages.
Chapter 16:
Pictures are Thebefore
learned World Wide
words – thenWeb
sounds associated with what
we experience become represented by abstract words.
Reading words is often more valued than reading pictures (visual literacy)
as we progress through school. Art as a subject is made into a specialty –
an extra for most.
Yet our society uses images in many ways that we need to understand.
Many forms of communication are increasingly dependent on effective
visuals – mediated images.
There are critics who feel that this evolution has issues…
Philosopher Hanno Hardt warns that TV is replacing words in print as the
important factor in social communication. Reading is losing to watching
because viewing requires less mental processing.
Chapter 16:
Critics blame The World
everything from the Wide Web
rise in the crime rate to the deterioration of
educational institutions on the concurrent rise in the number of mediated images that
we see daily.
Perhaps rebellious youths are attracted to visual symbols because words are
associated with old ways of communicating and old ways of establishing social order.
Pictures are fascinating, easily understood within a culture and can be used for
propaganda purposes. All political leaders understand that to control a country, they
must also control the pictures.
Chapter 16: The
Educational World Wide
psychologist Web
Jerome Bruner of NY
University cites studies showing that people remember
only 10 percent of what they hear and 30 % of what
they read, but about 80 % of what they see and do.
If there were a disaster, to what medium would you go to know more about what
to do? Why?
What are some images that are part of our collective memory?
Chapter 16: The World Wide Web
As visual
communicators we
need to remember:
the most powerful,
meaningful and
culturally important
messages are those
that combine words
and pictures equally
and respectfully.
Adbusters is a global network of artists, activists, writers,
pranksters, students, educators and entrepreneurs who want
to advance the new social activist movement of the
information age.
Their aim is to topple existing power structures and forge a
major shift in the way we will live in the 21st century.
Above are some samples of their mock ads.