Types and Usage

• An adverb is a word that describes

or gives more information about a
verb, an adjective, another adverb,
or even the entire sentence.
• The word "adverb" comes for the
Latin ad- (in addition) and verbum
(word).
• Where? Home. ("I went home.")
• When? Yesterday. ("We met yesterday.")
• How? Slowly. ("The turtle moves slowly.")
• How often? Sometimes. ("Sometimes it stops
responding.")
• How long? Temporarily. ("She is staying with
us temporarily.")
• How likely? Surely. ("Our team will surely
win!")
• To what degree? Very. ("She was very
pleased.")
• An adverb can describe a verb:
She runs quickly.
• An adverb can describe an adjective:
She is so beautiful.
• An adverb can describe another adverb:
She smokes very rarely.
• An adverb can describe an entire sentence:
Obviously, you don't have to come.
• In many cases (but not always!) adverbs have the
following form:
• Adjective + "-ly"

Examples:
Quick + ly = quickly
Strange + ly = strangely
Dead + ly = deadly
Sudden + ly = suddenly
Clever + ly = cleverly
Brave + ly = bravely
Real + ly = really
• When an adjective ends with "y" replace the "y"
with an "i":
Heavy + ly = heavi + ly = heavily
Happy + ly = happi + ly = happily

• When the adjective ends with an "e" drop the "e":

True + ly = tru + ly = truly

However, there are many adverbs that do not end

in "-ly":
Fast, very, hard, home, just, too, well, never,
sometimes, and so forth.
• Adverbs of degree
Very, highly, totally, perfectly, partially, almost.
• Adverbs of manner
Well, badly, nicely, slowly, loudly, quietly,
happily, sadly, secretly, weakly.
• Adverbs of place
Home, here, there, outside, inside, away,
around, anywhere, abroad, up, down, out.
• Adverbs of time
Now, soon, later, yesterday, tomorrow, early,
before, lately, recently.
• Adverbs of frequency
Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely,
usually, occasionally.
• Adverbs of duration
Forever, constantly, temporarily, briefly.
• Adverbs of probability
Certainly, maybe, probably, possibly, surely.
"Comparative" means "comparing something to something
else.“
Comparative adverbs show us which action or state is
better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth.
Examples:
more, less, better, worse, faster, slower, farther, closer.
Example sentences:
Maggie works out more seriously than Donna.
She eats less than her friends.
You are better than this.
We couldn't go slower even if we wanted to.
Let's get closer.
"Superlative" means "of the highest degree.“
Superlative adverbs show us which action or state
is the best, the strongest, and so forth.
Examples:
Best, most, least, worst, strongest, fastest, slowest.
Example sentences:
He knows best.
It was the most boring experience.
He shouted the loudest so he won.
He ran the slowest so he lost.
Hardly means almost none, and hard
means heavily

Rama works hardly  ✘

Rama works hard  ✔
Rama hardly works  ✔
Third sentence is correct as hardly indicates
here, Rama is a lazy person.
Fast is an adverb.  Fastly has no
meaning
He walks fastly.  ✘
He walks fast  ✔

Late means after the expected time.

 Lately means recently.  
He came lately  ✘
He came late.  ✔
Have you seen her lately?  ✔
•Conjunctions are words that connect 2 sentences
or parts of sentences, acting as connectors.

•I was going to see a movie, but I’ve changed my

mind.
•She couldn’t decide if she wanted the lemon tea or
the rosehip tea.

•Conjunctions connect thoughts, ideas, actions,

nouns, clauses, etc.
Subject – Noun being spoken about

Predicate – Content being spoken about the subject

Phrase – group of words that do not form a complete

meaningful sentence

Example: a nice red shirt, on the roof, with care, has been
snoring, to buy a car, her eyes on the clock

Clause – group of words having at least one subject and one

predicate
An independent clause expresses complete meaning unlike a
dependent clause

Example: I am teaching – Independent clause

While I am teaching – Dependent
 The coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that join
two independent clauses, or two nouns, or two verbs, etc.
•ACRON
YM I will be late to the party, for I am working until seven.

Tom likes to read and write.

•F - FOR
•A - AND Sally does not like the mountains, nor does she like the ocean.
•N - NOR I wanted to ride my bike, but the tire was flat.
•B - BUT
•O - OR Fred wants peas or carrots for supper.

•Y - YET I love chocolate, yet I do not eat chocolate ice cream.

•S - SO
She was late to work, so her boss made her stay after five.
•Put a comma before the coordinating conjunction when it is
used to connect two independent clauses.
•Tom walked the dog, so he grabbed the mail.
OR
Tom walked the dog, and he grabbed the mail.
•Both parts of the sentence have a subject and verb (before
and after the coordinating conjunction).

•I want to go see a movie but my sister has my car.

•I want to go see a movie, but my sister has my car.

•Lisa loves cats yet she does not want one living in her house.
•Lisa loves cats, yet she does not want one living in her house.
•When using a coordinating conjunction to connect two
items, do not use a comma.
•
Example:
Tom walked the dog and grabbed the mail.
•
("Tom walked the dog" is an independent clause, but
"grabbed the mail" is not.)

•She likes apples, and bananas.

•She likes apples and bananas.

•My brother is young, but smart.

•My brother is young but smart.
•When using a coordinating conjunction with a list of
items (three or more in number), the comma before
the coordinating conjunction is optional.

•Example with comma:

She is cooking chicken, potatoes, corn, and carrot.
•
Example without comma:
She is cooking chicken, potatoes, corn and carrot. 
•Subordinating conjunctions show a relationship
between an independent and a dependent clause; like
cause-and-effect, and contrast.
True relative pronouns are “that,” “who” and “which,” and they differ
from subordinating conjunctions
They act as the subject of a dependent clause whereas subordinating
conjunctions do not.
Subordinating conjunctions are followed by the subject of their clause.

Examples:

John is the guy who came over for dinner last week.

Here, we have two clauses. “John is the guy” is the main clause, and
“who came over for dinner last week” gives us more information about
John. The word “who” acts as the subject of the dependent clause.

We talked about music and movies while we ate.

“We talked about music and movies” is the main clause, and “while we
ate” gives us more information. However, in this example, both
clauses have the subject “we.” The word “while” does not act as the
subject of the dependent clause.
•Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that
work together to join phrases or words that carry equal
importance within a sentence.
•When using correlative conjunctions, ensure verbs agree
•Example: Every night, either loud music or fighting
neighbors wake John from his sleep.
•When you use a correlative conjunction, you must be
sure that pronouns agree.
•Example: Neither Debra nor Sally expressed her
annoyance when the cat broke the antique lamp.
•When using correlative conjunctions, be sure to keep
parallel structure intact. Equal grammatical units need to
be incorporated into the entire sentence.
•Example: Not only did Mary grill burgers for Michael, but
she also fixed a steak for her dog, Vinny.
•either . . . or
• We can go to either Greece or Spain for our holiday.
• It’s my final offer – you can either take it or leave it.

•both . . . and
• Both rugby and football are popular in France.
• Both English and Welsh are spoken in Wales.

•not only . . . but also

• Not only is he a professional footballer, but he’s also a
successful businessman.

•not . . . but
• There are not two but three Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia
and Estonia.
• In sport, what counts is not the winning but the taking part.
• neither . . . nor
• Neither Norway nor Switzerland is in the European
Union.
• Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply
purgatory. (Abraham Lincoln)

• whether . . . or
• Whether you love them or hate them, you have to
admit that the Rolling Stones are very popular.
• I’m totally confused – I don’t know whether I’m coming
or going.

• no sooner . . . than
• No sooner had I finished watering the garden than it
started raining.
•Here are some more pairs of correlative conjunctions:

•as/as - Bowling isn’t as fun as skeet shooting.

•such/that - Such was the nature of their relationship that they

never would have made it even if they’d wanted to.

•scarcely/when - I had scarcely walked in the door when I got

the call and had to run right back out again.

•as many/as - There are as many curtains as there are

windows.

•no sooner/than - I’d no sooner lie to you than strangle a puppy.

•rather/than - She’d rather play the drums than sing.

 Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs which join two
EXAMPLES clauses
Also
Besides
Conjunctive adverbs frequently (but not necessarily)
have a semi-colon before them.
Accordingly
Finally
As they’re conjunctions (i.e. words that join two
thoughts or ideas), it’s best not to use them at the
Subsequently beginning of a sentence.
Therefore
Please close the outer door; otherwise, the cold air
Thus comes in.
Meanwhile
First feed the horses; next, please feed the chickens.
Moreover
Nonetheless Conjunctive adverbs can also put a little break in the
Instead
sentence, providing emphasis.
However The new building will, furthermore, provide storage
Indeed
facilities as well as meeting space.
Hence The commas are used around the conjunctive adverb
Consequently for emphasis. If the interruption in the sentence
should be weaker, just leave out the commas.
Similarly
Still The new building will furthermore provide storage
facilities as well as meeting space.
•Martha went to the market and bought fresh vegetables.

•In this sentence, the conjunction and connects the two things
Martha did.

•Martha went to the market, and I went to the hardware store.

•Here, and connects two sentences, preventing the

choppiness which would arise if we used too many short
sentences.

•Conjunctions can also make lists.

•I can’t decide between the blue shirt and the red shirt.
•We barbequed hamburgers, hotdogs, and sausages.
•I worked quickly yet am careful.

•When using a conjunction, make sure that the parts which

are being joined by the conjunction have a parallel structure
(i.e. that they use the same verb forms, etc.)

•Am careful is not in the same form as quickly; this creates

faulty parallelism. The verbs need to be in the same form.

•I worked quickly yet carefully.

•The two adverbs modify the verb worked.

•I am quick yet careful.

•The two adjectives modify the pronoun I.

“The plane flew above the cloud, behind the
cloud, around the cloud, below the cloud,
beneath the cloud, beside the cloud,
beyond the cloud, into the cloud, near the
cloud, outside the cloud, over the cloud,
past the cloud, through the cloud, toward
the cloud, under the cloud, and finally dived
underneath the cloud.”
• Tell us the relationship between 2 things
• Add information to a sentence
• Construct Prepositional phrases – Adjectival and
adverbial
• Denote space and time
• Non exhaustive
• Complex prepositions can theoretically be added
to the language any time

• Basically 2 types
- One word – at, on, in, by, with
- Complex – in front of, along with, out of
• Before a noun or a noun phrase or –ing form
In the class, At home, On the desk, On heating

• Immediately after a verb

I am in the class, My mom is at home, CA4 answer
papers are on my desk, Butter melts on heating
• Firstly, think about your intended meaning

Am I standing in front of the audience or am I

walking along the aisle?
One common mistake is “Am I standing before
the audience?”
ask describe get need take
attend discuss like raise telephone
believe emphasize join receive use
buy enjoy lose say want
consider expect love suggest watch
contact find make
appear die lie sneeze

arrive disappear live snow

come fall rain wait

cough happen rise work

Suddenly Joss appeared in the doorway.

I lie in bed
The Sun rises in the East
I work at LPU
I live in Punjab
transitive intransitive
I just can’t eat hot What time do you
food. want to eat?
He drives a van for a I learnt to drive when
delivery firm. I was twenty.
My father left school
when he was We should leave now.
fourteen.
She won a
competition and got a How was the match?
 Preposition Indicates

At, in, on, from..to, until,

by, before, after, during, Time
while
Since, for Point/ Duration of Time
At, on, in Place
Below, above, under,
Relative position of
over, beneath, in front of,
things
behind, opposite to
To, Across, along, down,
into, off, over, under, out Direction of movement
of, past, through
 Time Place
At Specific Relatively Specific
Meet me at 9 am Meet me at my desk
On Relatively Specific Relatively Specific
Meet me on Monday My cabin is on the first
floor
In Nonspecific Specific
Meet me in the Meet me in my cabin
morning
Denotes – Time/ Place/ Activity/ Measurement

• Everyday the class commence at 9 am at block

34
• We will meet at noon at my desk
• I may not be here at Christmas
• Big Cinemas is at Viva Collage
• Mail me at example@gmail.com
• He always makes people laugh at his jokes
• He always drives at 70 kmph (at a speed of )
• I learnt Piano at ten ( at the age of)
Denotes – Time and Place (Surface)

• The week starts on Monday

• Next we will meet on 28th of this month
• My house is on Elm street
• The books are on the table
• Most of us have a lecture hour on Monday
morning
Denotes – Time and Place

• I skip my breakfast in the morning

• I joined the course in August
• I reside in Punjab
• It starts snowing in the month of December
No at, on, in with –
Every, last, next, this day/ week/ month/ year/
Monday etc

No to, toward, towards with –

home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside,
downstairs, upstairs
1)I want to lose 5 kilogram          (on, at, in) one
month.
2)Could you get me this pants           (on, at, in) a
larger size?
3)She seems to be interested            (on, at, in)
Psychology.
4)I will come to pick you up           (on, at, in) 2 pm
tomorrow.
5)This class will be held            (on, at, in) Mondays.
Denotes – Time

• Since denotes from a point of time in the past

until now and usually comes after the present
perfect tense or present perfect continuous tense in
a sentence

- It has been raining since yesterday

- The schools have been closed since yesterday
- I know him since 1980
- We have been in this room since morning
Denotes – Time

• For denotes duration or time period

- I am going home for 10 days

- I will go home for a week in December
- I know him for 10 years
- This session is for 60 minutes
Relative
position
1)In
2)On
3)Behind
4)Under
5)In front
of
6)Next to
7)Betwee
n
8)Among
• About – On the subject of something or somebody
You can make sentences like
I would like to talk about, think about, speak about,
hear about…
• By – proximity, who or what does something, how
something is done
Last night, I sat by my table to prepare the content by
downloading images that were to be presented by
me.
• With – Company, Utility, Inclusion
I went with my friend to buy a sweatshirt with a
hood.
I lost my key, I opened my lock with a wire.
• For is used for denoting time duration
I want to do this for the betterment of the mankind.

• But is used similar to except

Everyone ate pizza but me.

• Until, Before, After etc.

Until your hiccups stop
Before I leave the hall
After this session
• We lie in bed but on the couch.
• We are at the hospital to visit a friend who is in
the hospital.
• We watch a film at the theater but on television.
• Usage of beside/ besides
• Usage of between/ among