HUMAN BEHAVIOR

TOPICS
• Psychology/Human Behavior
• Criminal Psychology
• Psychological Perspective on Criminality
• Sexual deviancy
• Classification of Criminals
• Abnormal and Deviant Behavior
 PSYCHOLOGY

is derived from two Greek words; Psyche

meaning soul or mind and Logos meaning
study.

• is behavioral science and as such, it is

defined as the scientific science study of
behavior
As a behavioral science,
psychology aims to
describe explain,
predict and change
behavior
 METHODS OF
PSYCHOLOGY
• SURVEY
• OBSERVATION
• CLINICAL
• EXPERIMENTAL
 BEHAVIOR
• refers to actions that are directly observable
or mental processes which cannot be directly
observed but can be inferred from external
actions
• Behaviors that are directly observable such as
running, smiling, etc. are called overt
behaviors while those that are not directly
observable like thinking, dreaming, loving, etc.
are called covert behaviors.
 DETERMINING FACTOR of
Behavior
• HEREDITY
• Principle of Reproduction
• Principle of Variation
• Principle of Chance
• Genetic Abnormalities
• Twin Studies
• Adoption Studies
• Progeny Studies
• ENVIRONMENT; and
• LEARNING
 HEREDITY
• REPRODUCTION • VARIATION
• This principle states • This principle states that
that “like begets like”. heredity produces
Human being will differences from those
produce humans; who come from different
dogs will beget families, races or species.
puppies. Children may There are differences in
be like their parents in skin color among Asians,
some traits. Europeans and Africans.
 HEREDITY
• CHANCE • Genetic Abnormalities
• This principle says • People with Down’s
that the syndrome have an extra
combination of chromosome added to the
21st pair. People with this
genes that go into disorder have round face
the single cell and slanted eyes. Children
which result from with Down’s syndrome are
fertilization is a typically retarded but are
matter of chance. friendly and cheerful in
interacting with other
people.
 HEREDITY
 Twin Studies
Identical twins (they
develop from a single
zygote hence they have the
same genes), who where
separated at birth share
similar

• Fraternal twins (they

develop from two separate
zygotes hence they may
have different set of genes)
may not have the same
physical traits and
behavioral characteristics.
 HEREDITY
• Progeny Studies • Adoption Studies
• This involves the • Children who were adopted
resemble more their
study of the biological parents that are
characteristics of adoptive parents. For
ascendants and example, children whose
descendants in terms biological parents are
of physical-mental alcoholic are at risk of
qualities and becoming alcoholic
themselves, even if they are
personality traits. reared by adoptive parents
who are not alcoholic.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR
• Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted
behavior) – the standard behavior, the
totality accepted behavior because they
follow the standard norms of society.
understanding criminal behavior includes
the idea of knowing what characterized a
normal person from an abnormal one.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR
• Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/
maladjusted behavior) - A group of
behaviors that are deviant from social
expectations because they go against
the norms or standard behavior of
society.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR

Average Behavior – this is the

type of behavior seen in most
members of the same
community.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR
• DEVIANT BEHAVIOR– a type of
behavior that is not like the average
behavior, but it does not in any way
suggest normal or abnormal behavior.
His behavior deviates from that of a
normal behavior
 KINDS OF BEHAVIOR
• SIMPLE or • RATIONAL or
COMPLEX IRRATIONAL
• OVERT or COVERT • VOLUNTARY or
INVOLUNTARY
• CONSCIOUS or
UNCONSCIOUS
 ASPECTS OF
BEHAVIOR
• Intellectual Aspect – this • Social Aspect – this pertains
aspect of behavior to how we interact or relate
pertains to our way of with other people
thinking, reasoning, • Moral Aspect – this refers to
solving, problem,
processing info and
our conscience and concept
coping with the on what is good or bad.
environment. • Political Aspect – this
• Emotional Aspect – this pertains to our ideology
pertains to our feelings, towards society/government
moods, temper, and
strong motivational
force.
 ASPECTS OF
BEHAVIOR
• Value/Attitude – • Psychosexual
this pertains to our Aspect - this
interest towards pertains to our
something, our being a man or a
likes and dislikes woman and the
expression of love
 ATTITUDE
•a manner of acting,
feeling, or thinking that
shows one’s disposition,
opinion, etc.
 PERSONALITY
• habitual patterns and
qualities of behavior of
any individual as
expressed by physical
and mental activities
and attitudes.
 CRIMINAL
PSYCHOLOGY
• studies criminal behavior,
its nature and causes
• Criminal behavior refers to
actions that are against the
laws of the state and is
accorded sanction or
punishment.
 CRIMINAL FORMULA

C=T+S
R
C – Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act)
T – Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S – Total Situation (Opportunity)
R – Resistance to Temptation (Control)
Personality Dimensions of Human
Behavior

Extraversion Neuroticism Psychoticism

Frequently seek Intensely react to Cold cruelty,
stimulation, stress, generally social insensitivity,
excitement and moody, touchy, disregard for
sensitive to danger,
thrills slights, and troublesome
anxious or behavior, dislike
nervous of others
 Psychological Explanations of
Crime and Criminal Behavior
Crime intrigues people. While interests in
crime have always been high, understanding
why it occurs and what to do about it has
always been a problem. Psychological
theories try to explain criminal behavior in
terms of unconscious motives, personality
traits, learning, and mental conditions
 Criminal Behavior: A
Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Sigmund Freud, the founder
of psychoanalysis suggested
that psychological well-being
is dependent on a healthy
interaction among the three
structures of personality, the
id, ego, and the superego
 Elements of Psychodynamic
Theory

SUPEREGO
EGO
ID
• the • Develops • Develops as a
primitive early in life result of
when the incorporating
part of an within the
child begins
individual’s to learn that personality the
mental his or her moral standards
makeup wishes and values
present at cannot be • CONSCIENCE
birth instantly
• PLEASURE gratified
• BALANCE
 Psychoanalytic theory
attributes to at least three
possible causes:
• A conscience so overbearing that it arouses
feelings of guilt.

• A conscience so weak that it cannot control

the individual’s impulses.

• The need for immediate gratification.

 Three basic principles
appeal to psychologists
who study criminality
• The actions and behavior of an adult are understood
in terms of childhood experiences.

• Behavior and unconscious motives are intertwined

and their interaction must be unraveled if we are to
understand criminality.

• Criminality is essentially a representation of

psychological conflict.
 Learning Aggression and
Violence
• The social learning theory maintains that
delinquent and criminal behavior is learned
through the same psychoanalytical processes as
any other behavior. Behavior is learned when
reinforced or rewarded, it is not learned when it
is not reinforced. We learn behavior through
various ways. We learn through observation,
direct experience, and differentiated
reinforcement. THRU….
Observational
Learning
• Albert Bandura, a proponent of social
learning theory argues that violence and
aggression can be learned through
modeling. People learn to be violent and
aggressive by observing and imitating
examples and behaviors exhibited by family
members, people in the community, and
people in mass media and the created
“heroes and heroines” in movies and
televisions.
 While violence and aggression are
learned behaviors, they are not
expressed until they are elicited in one
way or another. The factors that elicit
violent and aggressive behaviors are
called instigators. The instigators of
aggression are the following:
• Aversive instigators – these are physical assaults, verbal
threats, and insults: adverse reductions in conditions in life
(such as poverty) and thwarting of goal directed behavior
(frustration)
• Incentive instigators – these are positive reinforcements
or rewards such as money and praise.
• Modeling instigators – these are violent or aggressive
behaviors observed in others.
• Instructional instigators – these are observations of
people carrying out instructions to engage in violence or
aggression.
• Delusional instigators – these are unfounded or beliefs
that is necessary or justified.
 Differential
Reinforcement
• A derivative of the social learning theory of Albert
Bandura is the differential association – reinforcement
theory. This theory asserts that:

• the persistence of criminal behavior depends on

whether or not it is rewarded or punished and

• the most meaningful rewards and punishments are

those given by groups that are important to an
individual’s like-family members, peer groups, teachers
in school, leaders, etc… in other words, people respond
more readily to the most significant people in their lives.
A personality disorder that is
significantly linked to
criminality is the antisocial
personality otherwise
known as psychopathy or
sociopathy.
This is a personality characterized by
the inability to learn from experience,
lack of warmth, and absence of guilt.
People with this kind of personality
disorder live a life of crime, violence,
and delinquency. These individuals
regularly violate the rights of others
and show no regret when harming
someone.
Psychopaths
 are seriously ill even if they do not appear to be one.
They seem to have excellent mental health; but
what is seen is only a “mask of sanity”.
 Initially, they appear to be reliable and honest but
after sometimes, it will become clear that they have
no sense of responsibility whatsoever.
 They show a disregard for truth, are insincere, and
feel no sense of shame, guilt or humiliation.
Psychopaths also cheat without hesitation and
engage in verbal and physical abuse without any
thought
 CLASSIFICATION OF
MENTAL DEFICIENCIES

•Severe Abnormalities

•Sub-normality
Severe Abnormality
• A state of arrested or incomplete
development of mind, which includes
abnormality of intelligence and is of such a
nature or degree that the patient is
incapable of living an independent life or of
guarding himself against serious
exploitation, or will be incapable when age
to do so.
Sub-normality
• A state of arrested or incomplete
development of mind, not amounting to
severe abnormality, which includes sub-
normality of intelligence and is of a
nature or degree which requires or is
susceptible to medical treatment or
other special care of training.
 OTHER CONDITIONS MANIFESTING
MENTAL DISTURBANCE

• Somnambulism

• Semi somnolence or Somnolencia

• Hypnotism or Mesmerism

• Delirium
 Somnambulism
• This is an abnormal mental condition
whereby a person performs an act while
sleeping. A somnambulist might be
concentrated on an idea or obsessed by
certain thoughts, which baffle his mind,
and he tries to execute them while sleep.
He may commit a murder while in the
state. A somnambulist has no recollection
of events occurring during the episode.
 Semi somnolence or
Somnolencia
• A person is in a semi somnolent state
when he is half asleep or in a condition
between sleeping and being awake. A
person may be suddenly aroused and
may unconsciously commit a criminal
act while in this state of confusion.
 Hypnotism or
Mesmerism
• A person is made unconscious by the
suggestive influence of a hypnotist.
He may commit a criminal act while
under hypnotism, which he may not
otherwise be capable of doing.
 Delirium
• This is a state of confusion of the
mind. Incoherent speech,
hallucinations, illusions, delusions,
restlessness, and apparently
purposeless motions characterize it. A
person may commit a crime under a
state of delirium.
 DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF
MENTALLY DISTURBED PERSONS

• Anti-social personality
• Sociopath
• Psychopath
• Paranoid-schizophrenia
• Inadequate personality
• Manic depressive
• PSYCHONEUROSIS
• PSYCHOSIS
Anti-Social Personality
•This is a mentally disturbed
who is opposed to the
principles upon which society is
based. A person with an anti-
social personality is either a
sociopath or psychopath.
Definition of a Sociopath
•This is a person who lacks any
sense of social or moral
responsibility due to mental
illness.
Definition of Psychopath
• This is a person having personality
disorders characterized by anti
social behavior, indifference to
immorality and abnormal changes
in mood or activity.
 PSYCHOSOMATIC
ILLNESS
• implies interrelationship
of mind, body, and desire;
includes colds, asthma,
ulcers, allergy, colitis,
eczema, arthritis, and
disorders of the
circulatory system,
obesity, and sterility.
 Paranoid-
schizophrenia

• It is a mental disease resembling

paranoia, but is also characterized by
autistic behavior, hallucinations and a
gradual deterioration of the
personality
 Characteristics of a
Paranoid-Schizophrenia
• The paranoid-schizophrenic is
disturbed to a degree such that he is
out of touch of reality, suffering from
psychosis, mentally deranged or
insane.
• There are usually two symptoms, i.e.
hallucinations and delusions
PSYCHOSIS
• serious mental and emotional
disorder that is a manifestation of
withdrawal from reality; examples
are intoxication, senile brain
disease, mania, dementia praecox,
or split personality.
 Manic - depressive
• It is characterized by alternating accounts of
mania and depression.
• Mania is a kind of insanity characterized by great
excitement, while Depression is a disorder
characterized by prolonged feelings of despair
and rejection, often accompanied by fatigue,
headaches and other physical symptoms.
 PSYCHONEUROSIS
• a person may have no difficulty, but may
experience lack of sleep and loss of
appetite, and becomes emotionally
unhealthy; obsession, fears, or phobias
are its characteristics; hysteria belongs
to this type and manifests itself because
of anxiety.
 PERCEPTION
DISORDERS:
• ILLUSION – a false • HALLUCINATION – an
interpretation of an erroneous perception
external stimulus; without an external
may be manifested objects of stimulus;
through sight, may be manifested
hearing, taste, through sight, hearing,
touch, and smell. taste, touch, and smell.
 MEMORY DISORDERS:
 DEMENTIA – a form of • AMNESIA – loss of
mental disorder resulting memory. There are two
from the degeneration or kinds: anterograde
disorder of the brain amnesia, loss of memory of
recent events; and
characterized by general
mental weakness, • retrograde amnesia, loss of
forgetfulness, loss of memory of past events and
observed in traumas of the
coherence and total head.
inability to reason but
not accompanied by
delusion or
uncontrollable impulse.
 CONTENT OF THOUGHT
DISORDERS
• DELUSION – a false or erroneous • OBSESSION – thoughts and
belief in something which is not impulses which continually
a fact; it involves a false system occur in the person’s mind
of beliefs that persist despite despite attempts to keep
evidence to the contrary: them out; a condition of the
mind bordering on sanity
and insanity; sometimes
associated with fear and
usually occurs in persons
suffering from nervous
exhaustion
 SOME KINDS OF
DELUSION
• DELUSION OF PERSECUTION –
belief of being deliberately
interfered with, discriminated
against, threatened and other
wise mistreated.
• DELUSION OF REFERENCE –
belief of being talked about
by other people, being
made fun of and ridiculed.

• DELUSION OF GRANDEUR –
belief of being greater and
better than everybody else.
 TREND OF THOUGHT
DISORDER
• MELANCHOLIA – an
• MANIA – a state of intense feeling of
excitement depression and
accompanied by misery which is
adoration or a feeling unnecessary by his
of well being which is physical condition
out of harmony with and external
the surrounding environment.
circumstances of the
patient.
 EMOTIONAL DISORDER –
FEELING
• EXALTATION –
feeling of
unwarranted well
being happiness.
• APATHY – serious
disregard for the
surrounding and the
environment.
• PHOBIA – the excessive,
irrational and uncontrollable
fear of perfectly natural
situation or object.

• DEPRESSION – feeling of
miserable thought, that a
calamitous incident occurred
in his life, something has gone
wrong with his bodily
functions and prefers to be
quiet and in seclusion
 VOLITION DISORDER –
CONATION
• IMPULSION – the sudden and • COMPULSION – an act against
irresistible force compelling a his freewill and with duress
person to the conscious because of the external
performance of some action factors
without motive or forethought.
 FRUSTRATION AND
CONFLICT
• FRUSTRATION – this occurs • CONFLICT – is created when
when goal achievement is incompatible response
blocked. tendencies are aroused.
DEFENSE REACTIONS TO
FRUSTRATION
• AGGRESSIVE REACTIONS
• WITHDRAWAL REACTIONS
• COMPROMISE REACTIONS
 AGGRESSIVE
REACTIONS
• DISPLACED AGGRESSION – • FREE-FLOATING ANGER –
when circumstance block direct chronic reaction pattern of
attack on the cause of anger; regards even neutral
frustration and the aggressive situation as having hostile
action is made against an implication
innocent person or object
instead.
 AGGRESSIVE
REACTIONS
• SCAPE-GOATING – blaming • SUICIDE – cannot express
others for his failures. anger openly; turns to himself.
 WITHDRAWAL
REACTIONS
• FANTASY – daydreaming;
as a temporary escape
from the frustration of
reality.
• NOMADISM – on the
move, from place to place
• SUPPRESSION – is the
deliberate effort to forget
by turning to other
activities
• REGRESSION – return to an earlier
work
• REPRESSION – excluding from
conscious awareness undesirable
thought, feeling, or memory causing
pain.
• FIXATION – the tendency to
repetitive, stereotyped behavior
• IDENTIFICATION – one takes on the
characteristics of another person
thereby enhances his self-esteem
 COMPROMISE
REACTIONS
• ISOLATION – to avoid conflict with • COMPENSATION – desire of an
attitude in the mental compartment individual to counterbalance
allowing it to function in isolation inferiority to that of something he
from conflicting ones. can succeed.

• SUBLIMATION - to seek a new goal

that is socially acceptable.
 COMPROMISE
REACTIONS
• RATIONALIZATION – the • REACTION FORMATION –
process of interpreting our excluding conscious awareness
behavior in ways more especially unacceptable desires
acceptable to the self by using or impulses that may develop
reasoning or alibis to substitute conscious attitude or overt
causes. behavior that contradicts his
original wish.
 TYPES OF CONFLICT

• CONFLICTING ATTRACTION OR • APPROACH-AVOIDANCE – when

APPROACH-APPROACH there is an attraction to an
CONFLICT – when there are two object or state of affairs and at
desirable but mutually exclusive the same time repulsion towards
goals. something associated with it.
 TYPES OF CONFLICT
• AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE
CONFLICT – when there are two
unpleasant alternatives and one
cannot be avoided without
encountering the other.
• MULTIPLE CONFLICT – when
there are courses of action, each
of which has both pleasant and
unpleasant consequences.
 Motivation and
Emotion
• Motivation comes from the Latin word “motives” which mean
moving. Motivation moves us to act and accomplish something.
Motivation is defined as a process of activating behavior, sustaining
it, and directing it toward a particular goal.
• Theories posit that people are motivated to behave or act because
of instincts, needs and drives, and incentives
 MOTIVATION
• Instinct is an innate, biological • Drive is an aroused state that
determinant of behavior. occurs because of a need.
• Need refers to a state of • Incentive is an object that will
physiological and or reduce the drive by satisfying
psychological deprivation. the need.
 Classifications of Drives
or Motives
 Physiological motives
 These motives are present
at birth. They are very
powerful at triggering
behavior and are necessary
for the survival of the
human specie.
 The physiological drives
include hunger, thirst, drive
for oxygen, drive for sleep
and rest, drive for normal
body temperature,
elimination drive, avoidance
of pain, maternal drive, and
sex drive.
 Social-psychological
motives
These motives are born out
of our relationship with
other people. They are
necessary for they give
meaning and significance
to our existence. Social-
psychological motives
include the needs for
achievement, recognition,
affiliation, power and
altruism. (Self sacrifice)
 Classifications of Drives
or Motives
• Maslow’s Hierarchy
of Needs
• Physiological needs
• Safety needs
• Need to belong and to
love
• Self-esteem needs
• Self-actualization
needs
 Emotion
Is derived from the Latin word “Emovere” which
means “to stir up or agitate”.
Emotion is defined as a subjective experience
accompanied by changes in physiological reactions
and behavior.
It is also considered as a reaction to the satisfaction
or frustration of a need. Emotion and motivation are
interrelated as emotion can also serve as a
motivating force in behavior.
 SEXUAL OFFENSES THAT MAY
LEAD TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
• Sexual offenses are sexual acts forbidden by law, or crimes
involving expression of sexual urges. This must be distinguished
from sexual deviation. Sexual deviation is any pattern of
behavior including a habitual, preferred and compelling need
for sexual gratification by any technique, other than willing
coitus between man and woman and involving actions that
directly results in genital excitement.
 SEXUAL DEVIATIONS THAT
MAY LEAD TO SEX OFFENSES

• Impotence • Bestiality
• Frigidity • Exhibitionism
• Satyriasis or Nymphomania • Voyeurism
• Prostitution • Fetishism
• Masturbation • Necrophilia
• Incest • Sadism
• Homosexuality • Masochism
• Pedophilia
Impotence
• is impairment in desire for sexual gratification in the male or an
inability to achieve it.
Frigidity (in the female)
• is the counterpart of impotence in the male. It has been
conservatively estimated that fully one third of all women
are relatively or completely frigid – never experience orgasm.
Satyriasis and Nymphomania
mean exaggerated or excessive sexual activity in men and
women respectively. Such individuals may evidence intense
and almost continuous sexual desire and center their entire
lives on this activity.
Prostitution the indiscriminate provision of sexual relations or
habitual indulgence to lascivious conduct in return for money
or profit.
Masturbation is self-stimulation of the genitals fro purposes of
sexual pleasure.
Incest culturally prohibited sexual relations between certain
family members such as brother and sister or father and
daughter
Homosexuality relationships between members of the same
sex.
Pedophilia The sexual intimacy usually involves manipulation
of the genitals of the child or partial or complete penetration.
Bestiality animals are used for the achievement of sexual excitation
and gratification.
Exhibitionism sexual pleasure is achieved through exposure of the
genitals in public or semi public places, usually to members of the
opposite sex or to children.
Voyeurism (Scotophilia or Inspectionalism) the achievement of
sexual pleasure through clandestine peeping.
Fetishism sexual interest on some body part or upon an
intimate object, such as an article of clothing.
Necrophilia sexual excitation and gratification through
viewing or actually having sexual relations with the female
corpse.
Sadism infliction of pain upon the sexual partner.
Masochism sexual pleasure through having pain inflicted on him.
 CRISIS
MANAGEME
NT
Crisis (from the Greek - “krisis” meaning “to separate” plural: "crises" "critical") is
any event that is, or expected to lead to, an unstable and dangerous situation
affecting an individual, group, community, or whole society.

Crisis management is the action by which an organization deals/handles with a

major event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the
general public. The study of crisis management originated with the large scale
industrial and environmental disasters in the 1980s

Emergency
- latin word “emergentia” meaning “dipping / plunging”
a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or environment.
• Disaster - a natural or man-made (or
technological) hazard
• destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the
environment.
• any tragic event stemming from events such as
earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires,
or explosions.
• It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life
and property and destroy the economic, social
and cultural life of people.
 TYPES OF CRISIS

• Natural crisis
typically natural disasters considered as 'acts of God,'
are such environmental phenomena as earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes, floods,
landslides, tsunamis, storms, and droughts that threaten
life, property, and the environment itself
NDCC (National Disaster Coordinating Council)
-PD 1566
NDRRMC (National Disaster Risk Reduction &
Management Council)
-RA 10121 known as “Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010”

-Agency of the government under the DND,

responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare
of the people during disasters or emergencies.

Note: EO No. 137 declares JULY as the “NATIONAL

DISASTER CONSCIOUSNESS MONTH” (NDCM)
Man-Made Crisis
1. Civil Disturbance (Labor strikes/
demonstration, riots, “welga ng bayan”.
2. Revolt ( Mutiny, Insurrection, coup d’etat)
3. Revolution
4. Border incident
5. War
6. Kidnapping
7. Hijacking
8. Hostage taking etc.
 Classification of crisis

Economic crisis
• An economic crisis is a sharp transition to a recession.

Environmental crisis
• A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural
hazard (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide)
which moves from potential into an active phase, and
as a result affects human activities
Hostage crisis
A set of circumstances wherein a suspected law
violator is holding a person captive by the use of
force, violence, or threat of violence and the police
are in close confrontation with the suspect and his
captive.
 Distinction between Emergency, Crisis and
Disaster:
• EMERGENCY – situation is still controlled and the
response given is for the purpose of containing
the situation from getting out of control.
• CRISIS – the situation is already beyond normal
• DISASTER – if the effects of crisis can no longer
be controlled
Purpose of Crisis Management

•“SALVARI VITAS” –
to save lives
Phases of Crisis Management
* Proactive Phase (3 P’s)
• 1. Prediction
• 2. Prevention
• 3. Preparation
* Reactive Phase – actual execution of all coordinated
efforts and plans
(PIAP)

• 1. Performance – Implementation and contingency plan

• 2. Initial Action
• 3. Action (Negotiation or Tactical Action Intervention)
• 4. Post Action
 Ten (10) steps to take during crisis
1. Assess the situation - by knowing the following;
what is happening and why; what is likely to happen
and how quick the response should be to avoid further
damage in all aspect; who are involve and who else;
and resources at hand.
2. Draw preliminary plan of action – step by step and
have contingency plan for the eventualities.
A contingency plan is a plan devised for an outcome
other than in the usual (expected) plan
3. Line up a crisis management team – deal with the
situation set up a crisis management center .
4. Set up a crisis management center
5. Communication system – to have an immediate
access to all members of the team prioritize matters
face problems one-at-a time prepare detailed plans
continuously monitor what exactly is happening,
evaluate actions and reaction.
6. Prioritize matters
7. Face problems one at a time.
8. Prepare detailed plans
9. Continuously monitor what exactly is happening.
10. Evaluate actions and reactions.
Policy Guidelines on Processing of Persons Present at
the Crime Scene
a. Crisis Management
• As soon as the perpetrators surrender, or when they
are captured or neutralized, the On-Scene
Commander shall ensure that the following are
accomplished:
(1) Processing and Debriefing:
• (a) Hostages/Victims;
• (b) Perpetrators;
• (c) Witnesses; and
• (d) Key participants in the incident.
(2) Documentation
Sworn Statement of the following:
• (a) Witnesses;
• (b) Hostages;
• (c) Perpetrators; and
• (d) Key participants in the incidents.
 (3) Venue of Processing, Debriefing and
Documentation.
Considering the instability of the
situation; the safety of the responders and
persons found at the scene of the crime;
and the preservation of the place of
incident, the venue of the processing,
debriefing and investigation shall be at a
neutral and secured place.
 HOSTAGE INCIDENT/SITUATION
It is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law
violator is holding a person captive with the use of force
and threat of violence while the law enforcement
officers are in close contact with the suspect and his
captive.
It is any incident in which people are being held by
another person or persons against their will, usually by
force or coercion, and demands are being made by the
hostage taker.
• The following procedure shall be followed during a Hostage
Situation;
• (1) Crisis Management Task Group shall be activated immediately;
• (2) Incident scene shall be secured and isolated;
• (4) Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to the
incident scene;
• (5) Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other information shall be
recorded. Witnesses shall be directed to a safe location.
 Priorities in hostage situation

1. Preservation of life – hostage, hostage-taker,

public etc.
2. Arrest of the hostage-taker, recover and protect
property
3. Successfully negotiate – to do this, there must
be; a need on the part of the hostage-taker to live
and release the hostage.
 PRINCIPLES IN HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
1. The hostage has no value to the hostage taker (tool)
2. The priorities in the hostage situations
• preservation of life
• apprehension of the hostage taker
• recover and protect property.
1. Hostage situation must not go violently
2. There must be a need to live on the part of the hostage
taker.
Ground Commander/On-Scene Commander
• There shall be only one Ground Commander/On-Scene
Commander holding at least a senior rank and/or one (1) with
experience in hostage/crisis situation or relative training. Until such
time that he
officially designates a spokesperson, he may issue appropriate
press statements and continue to perform the role of the
spokesperson.
Negotiators/ Negotiation Team
• Negotiators shall be designated by the Ground Commander. No one shall be
allowed to talk to the hostage taker without clearance from the negotiator or
Ground Commander. The Negotiation Team is directly under control and
supervision of the On-Scene Commander.
Negotiation team structure will be as follows:
• a. Negotiation Team Leader (NTL)/coordinator;
• b. Primary Negotiator;
• c. Secondary Negotiator;
• d. Intelligence liason/recorder; and
• e. Board Negotiator.
Assault Team
• An assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case the
negotiation fails. Members of the assault team shall wear
authorized and easily recognizable uniform during the conduct of
the operation.

Support Personnel
• An ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed
at the incident area.
Plans
The On-Scene Commander shall, upon the assessment of the
situation, prepare necessary plans to include but not limited to:

a. Emergency Response Plan - depends on the threat posed by the

hostage-takers and need of the Negotiation Team and On-Scene
Commander.
b. Breakout Plan - possibility of breakout shall be considered
immediately upon drawing up negotiation strategy. This should be
considered as one of the priority plans.
c. Delivery plan - in case the hostage-takers change plans in the middle
of the execution.
d. Surrender plan- should be drawn up in a way that the hostages’ lives
will not be jeopardized.
e. Hostage Reception/ Release - for security
reasons, released hostages should be contained
and isolated.
f. Collection plan - safety of the police personnel
involved is the priority consideration.
Coordination
• Proper coordination with all participating elements
shall be done to consolidate efforts in solving the
crisis.
Safety of Hostage(s)
• In negotiating for the release of a hostage, the safety
of the hostage shall always be paramount.
Guidelines during Negotiations
• a. Situation must be stabilized first and
contained before the start of the negotiation;
• b. All relevant tools and information that can
strengthen a negotiator’s position and create
a favorable climate for a successful
negotiation must be prepared e.g. facts
relevant to the situation, financial and non-
financial terms, issues and concerns, etc;
 Characteristics of hostage-takers;
Mentally deranged - suffers from delusion and
hallucination, and they;
(a) sets the rule
(b) reacts on overwhelming stress, forcing
them to take action to relieve stress; may even
(c) take members of their family as hostage.
Severe depression – suffers also some mental
aberration which is an answer to life stress that
could lead to self-destruction as in suicide.
Personality disorder – with an anti-social and
maladaptive patterns of behavior that brings
him repeatedly in conflict with society. If he
demand for a member of his family, do not grant
, family could be the cause of being what he is.
Paranoid – he feels threatened and persecuted,
highly suspicious of people and impulsive.
Sociopathic personality – highly impulsive and
unable to delay gratification so that if hostage is
a woman, raping her is a probability.
 Types of hostage-takers

Terrorist – with political purpose or agenda. They use

threats and harassment to create an atmosphere of
fear, disregarding women and children as victims. They
are only loyal to themselves and other allied groups
and willing to give life as part of martyrdom.

Criminals - Caught in the act of committing crime

often take hostages, they have three common
demands:
1 Escape
2.Money
3.Transportation from the scene
• Prisoner - They center around
complaints concerning prisoner
conditons and demand for
improvement.
 HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION

In hostage situation the general

tendency of the hostage taker is to hostage a
prominent personality in order to gain needed
leverage in the negotiation. What is important
in this situation is improved communication and
the efficiency of the police in responding to the
call of emergency.
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS OF THE NEGOTIATOR
UPON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE OF INCIDENT

Containment - control of area and people;

Establish contact – if several hostage-takers
are involved, talk with the leader only. If
recognize as an officer of the law, never tell
rank, since hostage-taker may ask for
demands that he think can be at once
granted. If deceit has to be used, do not get
caught and bluff;
• Time lengthening - this will give more time
to the police to organize and coordinate
plan of action. It could also lead to the
hostage-taker’s loss of objectivity.

• Telephone negotiation technique - Be the

caller, plan and prepare and be ready with
what has to be negotiated. Discipline
oneself to listen. For what ever demand
granted hold on to the concession, and try
to get something in return. E.g. release the
women and children hostages.
Coming on a face-to-face
situation, observe
prescribed distances as in
*personal distance:
=it should be one to three
feet(1-3 FT.),
*intimate,= about 6 inches.
In getting out, face
hostage-taker, slowly walk out
of the door with good cover or
On surrender approach - start with
a position approach and act as if the
hostage-taker will surrender. Do not
talk too much, talk detail of
surrender process, and explain why
now is better than later.
Stockholm Syndrome may develop –
which refers to the unusual development
of a mutual positive feelings between
the hostage and hostage-taker for each
other that eventually results to negative
feelings against the authorities.