Globalization and

Migration
 What is the situation?
“Today, the number of people living
outside their country of birth is larger than
at any other time in history (247 million).
International migrants would now
constitute the world's fifth most populous
country if they all lived in the same place”
(UNFPA).
• Why is migration a cause and also an effect of
globalization?

• How are global migrations changing the

contemporary world?
 Definition of Terms:
migration/emigration/immigration
Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in
another (departure)

Immigrate is to come into another country to

live permanently (arrival)

Migrate is to move, like birds in the winter

(actual process of moving)
 What is globalization?
Connections between places
are lengthening (new links are
Globalization growing between places that
are great distances apart).

The world is becoming more

deeply inter-connected. More and
more people’s lives now connect
with far-away places. It is no
longer just the richest people (the
élites) who are “living globally”.
 What is globalization?

Political Process
Globalization

Technological Process
 Trends over past 25 years
• Globalization of migration – more countries are
affected by migration at the same time.
• Acceleration of migration – once migration starts, it
is likely to snowball through chain migration.
• Differentiation of migration – more different types of
migration (refugees, family migrants, labor force
migrants).
• Feminization of migration – women are playing an
increasing role in all regions and all types of
migration.
 Fill in the blanks
International migration data for 1965 and
1990 indicate that, in absolute terms, most
Developing countries to
migrations occur from _______
___________countries.
A variety of reasons lie behind migration
-Pull Factors
-Push Factors

Globalization has introduced (Other Factors)

-Network Factors
-Environmental Refugees
 Types of Migration
Forced or involuntary Migration

This is when the government or authorities of a place force people to migrate for
a reason.

Jews forced to move from Germany, Poland and other European

countries by Hitler's Nazi's before and during World War 2. (Genocide).
Africans forced to travel in cramped conditions on boats across the
Atlantic to the United States in the 18th and early 19th century. (The slave
trade).
The original population of Australia were prisoners from the United
Kingdom, who were forced to go there, and usually stayed.
Asians forced to move out of Uganda by Idi Amin in the 1970's. (Threats of
genocide).
Impelled Migration (also called reluctant or
imposed migration)
No one is forced to migrate but due to some push factors
such as war, hunger and other difficult conditions, people
decide to leave.

Nearly 2 million Vietnamese have

migrated to Hong Kong since the
end if the Vietnam War in 1975.
(Fear of persecution by Communist
rebels).

The Kosovo Albanians: March 1999

Return Migration

This involves the voluntary return of migrants to their original place after
they outlive the reasons for which they left. Often times, young people who
move into the cities to work return home when they retire to spend the rest
of their lives in the quiet of their towns and with old friends and family.

Internal migration

This refers to population movement within a country, say for example,

residents of Marawi transferred to other parts of the country.

International Migration

This describes the movement of people between countries which involves

greater distances than is the case with internal migration.
 Economic migration is defined as a choice to
move to improve the standard of living by
gaining a better paid job.

Family Migration

Family reunification is a recognized reason for

immigration in many countries because of the
presence of one or more family members in a
certain country, therefore, enables the rest of
the family to immigrate to that country as well.
 Migrant Transnationalism
• Modular

• Sedimented
 Mediating Migration
• Education, mass media
• Family circumstance
• Rising aspirations / individual goals
• Recruitment agencies, brokers, ,middlemen
• State policies and procedures
• Crossborder migration networks
• Transport and telecommunications industries
• Interstate agreements
• Demographic changes
• Global political economic transformations
Migration impact on receiving country

Positive aspects
• + More opportunities for consumers:
increasing variety of goods and services
• + Job creation, new talents
• + 3D (dirty, dangerous, difficult) jobs
• + More flexible labor force
• +/- Low skill versus high skill workers: effects
on employment and wages
 Migration impact to receiving country

• Negative aspects
• –Cheap and flexible labor: gain in short run,
loss in long run, competitiveness issues
• –Social dumping and hidden labor market
• –Social problems, high unemployment among
immigrants, slums in big cities
• –No incentives to improve working conditions
–Negative effect on native wages??
Impact of migration to country of origin
• + Increasing internal mobility
• + Increasing human capital (commuting,
temporary migration)
• + Remittances
• + Brain circulation
• + Diaspora (FDI, aid, political influence etc.)
• + Opportunity to reduce unemployment and
alleviate the negative effects of sharply
restructuring economic process
Impact of migration to country of origin
• +/- labor shortage can cause the wage increase
• – Brain drain, declining productivity
• – Negative net migration will accelerate
demographic problems, like ageing, low birth rate
etc.
• – Depopulated areas
• – Social problems with dependents remained at
home (especially children);
• – Inflationary pressure (due to remittances).
 Remittances
• According to the World Bank (2011), remittances
worldwide were estimated at $483 billion in 2011. This
figure takes into account funds sent by formal channels,
so the number is much larger. The World Bank notes that
remittances sent through informal channels could add at
least 50 percent to the globally recorded flows (UNCTAD,
2011).
• World Bank study has concluded that a one per cent
increase in the share of remittances in a country’s GDP
leads to a 0.4 per cent decline in poverty (UNFPA State of
the World, 2008). a
 Challenges Ahead
• Human Trafficking

• Post-9/11 Policies

• Cultural Challenges
“In the final analysis, we are all migrants, armed
with a temporary residence permit for this
earth, each and every one of us incurably
transient” 
― Gazmend Kapllani

Thank You!
 Learning Activity
OFW Survey
Do a survey in your neighborhood and ask
families about their relatives who had migrated
or worked abroad.