Session 1

18 CS 2205
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
© 2016 KL University – The contents of this presentation are an intellectual and copyrighted property of KL University. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
DBMS Introduction
Definitions
 Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events
 Structured: numbers, text, dates
 Unstructured: images, video, documents
 Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person using
the data
 Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data
 Database: organized collection of logically related data
 Mini-world: Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a
database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a university.
Database Management System (DBMS): It is a software package
designed to store and manage databases.
or
A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a
computerized database.
Database System: The DBMS software together with the data itself.
Sometimes, the applications are also included.
Traditional Method of Data Storage
Loan_Processing Transaction_Processing
Fixed_Deposit_Processing
(Application Program) (Application Program)
(Application Program)
File System
Customer_Details.dat Customer_Loan.dat Customer_Fixed_Deposit.dat Customer_Transaction.dat
Ways of storing data in files – customer
data
4176 Aniruddha Sarkar SBU1
Predefined length
4181 Manoj Saha SBU1
4183 Moushumi Dharchoudhury SBU1
4203 Suryanarayana D.V.S.S. SBU1
4204 Vivek Rai SBU1
4176 AniruddhaSarkar SBU1

4181 ManojSaha SBU1
4183 MoushumiDharchoudhury SBU1
4203 SuryanarayanaD.V.S. SBU1
4204 Vivek Rai SBU1
Files vs. DBMS
A company has a large collection (say, 500 GB) of data on employees, departments, products, sales, and
so on.
We can try to deal with this data management problem by storing the data in a
collection of files.
This approach has many drawbacks, including the following:
• May not have 500GB Main Memory to store all the data. Therefore Application must
stage large datasets between main memory and secondary storage (e.g., buffering,
page-oriented access, 32-bit addressing, etc.)
• Special Programs to answer each question a user may want to ask about data
• Must protect data from inconsistency changes made by multiple concurrent users
• Restore to consistency state if system crashes i.e., Crash recovery
• Security and access control: Policies for different users to have permission to access
different subsets of the data.
Figure: Old file processing systems at ABC Furniture Company
Duplicate Data
The Database Technology
Database
• Computer based record-keeping system
• Organized collection of interrelated (persistent) data
• Records & maintains data
Database Management System
• Collection of interrelated files and set of programs which allows users to access and
modify files
• Primary Goal is to provide a convenient and efficient way to store, retrieve
and modify information
• Layer of abstraction (hiding implementation details) between the application programs and the file system
Where does the DBMS fit in?
Position of DBMS
Loan_Processing Transaction_Processing
Fixed_Deposit_Processing
(Application Program) (Application Program)
(Application Program)
DBMS
File System
Customer_Loan
Customer_Details Customer_Transaction
Customer_Fixed_Deposit
Bank Database
Difference Between File and DBMS Operations
File system Interface DBMS Interface
End User End User
Application Programs Application Programs
Interface through Query (SQL)

Interface through high level language
SELECT * FROM Customer_Details
READ CUSTOMER_DETAILS-FILE AT END
STOP RUN
DBMS
Operating System Operating System

(Disk Manager, File Manager) (Disk Manager, File Manager)
Customer_Details file Customer_Details table

Customer_Loan file Customer_Loan table
File System (Disk Storage) Database(Disk Storage)

SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
 Central repository of shared data
 Data is managed by a controlling agent
 Stored in a standardized, convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
Typical DBMS Functionality
 Define a database : in terms of data types, structures and constraints
 Construct or Load the Database on a secondary storage medium
 Manipulating the database : querying, generating reports, insertions,
deletions and modifications to its content
 Concurrent Processing and Sharing by a set of users and programs – yet,
keeping all data valid and consistent
Typical DBMS Functionality
Other features:
– Protection or Security measures to prevent unauthorized access
– “Active” processing to take internal actions on data
– Presentation and Visualization of data
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
• Self-describing nature of a database system: A DBMS catalog stores the

description (metadata) of the database.
• Insulation between programs and data: It is also called as program-data
independence. Allows changing data storage structures and operations
without having to change the DBMS access programs.
• Data Abstraction: A data model is used to hide storage details and present
the users with a conceptual view (entire structure) of the database.
• Support of multiple views of the data: Each user may see a different view of
the database, which describes only the data of interest to that user.
• Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing: allowing a set of

concurrent users to retrieve and to update the database. Concurrency
control (data updated correctly and appropriately during multiple
transactions) within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is correctly
executed or completely aborted.
Advantages of DBMS
• Data independence and efficient access.
• Reduced application development time.
• Data integrity and security.
• Uniform data administration.
• Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.
• Planned data redundancy
• Improved data consistency
• Improved data sharing
Database Users
• Users may be divided into
• Those who actually use and control the database content, and those who
design, develop and maintain database applications (called “Actors on the
Scene”), and
• Those who design and develop the DBMS software and related tools, and the
computer systems operators (called “Workers Behind the Scene”)
Database Users
Actors on the scene
◦ Database Designers:
 Responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or
transactions against the database.
 They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs.
◦ Database administrators:
 Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its
use, acquiring software and hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring
efficiency of operations.
Database Users
• Actors on the scene
• Database administrator's duties include:
• Schema definition
• Storage structure and access method definition
• Schema and physical organization modification
• Granting user authority to access the database
• Specifying integrity constraints
• Acting as liaison with users
• Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements
Database Users
 Actors on the scene (continued)
◦ End-users: They use the data for queries, reports and some of them update
the database content.
◦ End-users can be categorized into:
 Casual: access database occasionally when needed
 Naïve or Parametric: they make up a large section of the end-user population.
 They use previously well-defined functions in the form of “canned transactions” against the
database.
 Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for an entire shift of
operations
DBMS Languages
• High-level or nonprocedural DML
• Can be used on its own to specify complex database operations concisely
• Set-at-a-time or set-oriented
• Low-level or procedural DML
• Must be embedded in a general-purpose programming language
• Record-at-a-time

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18 CS 2205

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Customer_Details.dat Customer_Loan.dat Customer_Fixed_Deposit.dat Customer_Transaction.dat

4176 AniruddhaSarkar SBU1

• Restore to consistency state if system crashes i.e., Crash recovery

End User End User

Application Programs Application Programs

Interface through Query (SQL)

Operating System Operating System

Customer_Details file Customer_Details table

File System (Disk Storage) Database(Disk Storage)

 Stored in a standardized, convenient form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

• Self-describing nature of a database system: A DBMS catalog stores the

• Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing: allowing a set of

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