Introduction :

 Name: SIDDHARTH Y
DIVECHA
 Roll no : 24008
 Sub : Research
methodology
Project on

Depression
What is depression?
 Depression is classified as a mood disorder. It may
be described as feelings of sadness, loss, or anger
that interfere with a person’s everyday activities.
 Depression is considered a serious medical
condition that can get worse without proper
treatment. Those who seek treatment often see
improvements in symptoms in just a few weeks.
 Depression is a common mental disorder that
presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or
pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or low
self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, and poor
concentration.
 Moreover, depression often comes with symptoms
of anxiety. These problems can become chronic or
recurrent and lead to substantial impairments in an
individual’s ability to take care of his or her
everyday responsibilities.
 At its worst, depression can lead to suicide. Almost
1 million lives are lost yearly due to suicide, which
translates to 3000 suicide deaths every day. For
every person who completes a suicide, 20 or more
may attempt to end his or her life
 Depression causes

There are several possible causes of depression. They

can range from biological to circumstantial.

Common causes include:

 Family history. You’re at a higher risk for developing

depression if you have a family history of depression
or another mood disorder.
 Early childhood trauma. Some events affect the way
your body reacts to fear and stressful situations.
 Brain structure. There’s a greater risk for depression
if the frontal lobe of your brain is less active.
However, scientists don’t know if this happens before
or after the onset of depressive symptoms.
 Medical conditions. Certain conditions may put you at
higher risk, such as chronic illness, insomnia, chronic
pain, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD).
 Drug use. A history of drug or alcohol misuse can
affect your risk.
OBJECTIVE
1. To make awareness of this
conditions
2. To describe the causes of the
conditions
Hypothesis

H0

H1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION :

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

 SAMPLE SIZE : 30 SAMPLES

 SAMPLE TECHNIQUE:
QUESTIONNIRE

 TIME PERIOD : 1 MONTH

 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE : PIE

DIAGRAM
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Doctor Niloufar Hadidi (MS), APRN, BC Diane PhD,

 Depression is a frequent complication of stroke with a

prevalence of 25% to 79%, depending on the setting,
assessment tool, and time post stroke.
 Patients with post stroke depression (PSD) show far
less recovery from functional impairments compared
with no depressed patients with stroke. Many stroke
patients have significant physical disability and an
inability to carry out activities of daily living. This, in
turn, adversely affects quality of life. Post stroke
functional disability has been considered predictive of
depression after stroke in some literature.

 However, studies differ on the relative contribution of

functional impairment to PSD. The purpose of this
article is to synthesize the literature on the
relationship between PSD and functional outcome.
This synthesis will help identify gaps in knowledge to
further direct future studies and provide knowledge
for clinicians to improve care and recovery after
stroke.
• Depression is a common mental
disorder. Globally, more than
264 million people of all ages
suffer from depression.
• Depression is a leading cause of
disability worldwide and is a
major contributor to the overall
global burden of disease.
• More women are affected by
depression than men.
• Depression can lead to suicide.
• There are effective psychological
and pharmacological treatments
for moderate and severe
depression.
DATA INTERPRETATION
 Pie diagram
FINDINGS
 Ordinary users tended not to talk about how people
developed depression (only 37.07% of all the posts by
ordinary users mentioned attribution). Instead, the
majority of their posts centered on describing their
current conditions and help seeking. State-owned media
and academic organizations mentioned causes the most.
 Almost all the source categories, including ordinary
users, opinion leaders in other domains, media,
government and corporations, attributed depression
most to individual-level factors. Compared with
commercial media (23.81%), state-owned media
organizations were more inclined to make attributions to
individual-level factors (43.14%) and are the most likely
to make individual-level attributions among all the
source categories. Compared with other attribution
frames, academic organizations, health experts and
organizations were more inclined to make attributions on
the biological and medical level (academic organizations:
50.00%; health experts and organizations: 28.13%).
Among all the attribution frames, societal-level
attribution was the most often used frame by NGO and
NPO, we media and citizen journalists (NGO and NPO:
25.00%, while 50% didn’t mention any attribution; we
media and citizen journalists: 15.63%, while 62.50%
didn’t mention any attribution).
 For example, a person has been laid-off by a
company and it is getting very difficult to find a
new job. Because of such an incident, the
individual has started feeling hopeless, low self-
esteem, and has a lack of sleep. Such bad
times can make an individual feel they have
been a failure and can cause severe
depression. In such a case, a depression
questionnaire can help to assess the severity of
their condition and thus appropriate actions
can be taken to cure depression.
 Similarly here’s another example, a student is
feeling depressed because of constant bullying,
low grades, and peer pressure. In such a
situation, a depression survey for students can
shed some light on how severe the condition is
and what are the facilities provided by the
school/college to tackle such cases.
 This information can help them get back to
academic life and be more productive in the
tasks they are required to perform.
CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, with the content analysis of depression-related
discourses generated by social media users, we found depression
still most often attributed to factors controllable by the depressed
individuals.
 Mass media are especially prone to use such an attribution frame
in their posts on social media. Moreover, discourses generated by
mass media imply low efficacy in coping with the severe outcomes
of depression.
 Campaigns promoting alternative and more sophisticated
understandings about depression are needed and media
institutions should aim to better translate scientific findings on
depression to the public
 Most primary care physician can successfully treat uncomplicated
mild or moderate forms of major depression in their settings with
careful psychiatric management (e.g., close monitoring of
symptoms, side effects, etc.); maintaining a therapeutic alliance
with their patient; pharmacotherapy (acute, continuation, and
maintenance phases); and / or referral for psychotherapy. The
following situations require referral to psychiatrist: suicide risk,
bipolar disorder or a manic episode, psychotic symptoms, severe
decrease in level of functioning, recurrent depression and chronic
depression, depression that is refractory to treatment, cardiac
disease that requires tricyclic antidepressants treatment, need for
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), lack of available support system,
and any diagnostic or treatment questions.
suggestion
 To get better, you need to take an active role in your treatment.
You can't be passive as a patient. You and your doctor have to
work as a team.
 Of course, you might not feel up to taking an active role in
anything. You might have doubts that treatment will help. But
push yourself. Depression can make you feel helpless. Taking
charge of your treatment is one way to feel in control again.
 Stick with it. If you give them time, these treatments are very
likely to help. When a depressed person gets the right medicine,
at the right dose, and takes it long enough, treatment succeeds
about 70% of the time. But you and your doctor may sometimes
need to try quite a few treatments before landing on the right
therapy for you.
 Take your medicine as prescribed. Get into good habits. Take your
medicine at the same time every day. It's easier to remember if
you do it along with another activity, like brushing your teeth,
eating breakfast, or getting into bed. Get a weekly pillbox, which
will make it easy to see if you've missed a dose.
 Never stop taking your medicine without your doctor's OK.  If you
need to stop taking a medicine for some reason, your doctor may
reduce your dose gradually. If you stop suddenly, you may have
side effects. Stopping medication abruptly may also cause
depression to return. Don't assume that you can stop taking your
medicine when you feel better. Many people need ongoing
treatment even when they're feeling well.
SUGGESTION
 Be open to new ideas. Your
therapist may have suggestions
that sound strange. He or she may
push you to do things that feel
awkward or uncomfortable. But try
to stay open. Give new approaches
a try. You may find them more
helpful than you expected.
 Don't give up. You may feel
hopeless right now. You may feel
like you're never going to get
better. But feeling that way is a
symptom of your condition. If you
give yourself some time and allow
your treatment to take effect, you
will feel better again
QUESTIONNAIRE
BIBLIOGRAPHY /
REFERANCE
THANK YOU