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Chapter 1
Introduction: Matter &
Measurement
Why Study Chemistry
• Chemistry is the study of the properties of materials and
the changes that materials undergo.
• Chemistry is central to our understanding of other
sciences.
• Chemistry is also encountered in everyday life.
Chemistry: Catastrophe Prevention?
Compounds
• Most elements interact to form compounds.
• Example, H2O
• The proportions of elements in compounds are the same
irrespective of how the compound was formed.
• Law of Constant Composition (or Law of Definite
Proportions):
– The composition of a pure compound is always the
same.
Classification of Matter
Compounds
• If water is decomposed, then there will always be twice
as much hydrogen gas formed as oxygen gas.
• Pure substances that cannot be decomposed are elements.
Classification of Matter
Mixtures
• Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout.
• Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout.
• Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.
Properties of Matter
Physical vs. Chemical Properties
• Physical properties can be measure without changing the
basic identity of the substance (e.g., color, density, odor,
melting point)
• Chemical properties describe how substances react or change
to form different substances (e.g., hydrogen burns in oxygen)
• Intensive physical properties do not depend on how much of
the substance is present.
– Examples: density, temperature, and melting point.
• Extensive physical properties depend on the amount of
substance present.
– Examples: mass, volume, pressure.
Properties of Matter
Physical and Chemical Changes
• When a substance undergoes a physical change, its
physical appearance changes.
– Ice melts: a solid is converted into a liquid.
• Physical changes do not result in a change of
composition.
• When a substance changes its composition, it undergoes a
chemical change:
– When pure hydrogen and pure oxygen react completely, they
form pure water. In the flask containing water, there is no
oxygen or hydrogen left over.
Properties of Matter
Physical and Chemical Changes
Properties of Matter
Separation of Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated if their physical properties are
different.
• Solids can be separated from liquids by means of
filtration.
• The solid is collected in filter paper, and the solution,
called the filtrate, passes through the filter paper and is
collected in a flask.
Properties of Matter
Separation of Mixtures
• Homogeneous liquid mixtures can be separated by
distillation.
• Distillation requires the different liquids to have different
boiling points.
• In essence, each component of the mixture is boiled and
collected.
• The lowest boiling fraction is collected first.
Separation of Mixtures
Units of Measurement
Separation of Mixtures
• Chromatography can be used to separate mixtures that
have different abilities to adhere to solid surfaces.
• The greater the affinity the component has for the surface
(paper) the slower it moves.
• The greater affinity the component has for the liquid, the
faster it moves.
• Chromatography can be used to separate the different
colors of inks in a pen.
Units of Measurement
SI Units
• There are two types of units:
– fundamental (or base) units;
– derived units.
• There are 7 base units in the SI system.
Units of Measurement
Base SI Units
Units of Measurement
SI Units
5 9
C F - 32 F C 32
9 5
Class Practice Example
5 9
C F - 32 F C 32
9 5
Units of Measurement
Temperature
Units of Measurement
Derived Units
• Derived units are obtained from the 7 base SI units.
• Example:
units of distance
Units of velocity
units of time
meters
seconds
m/s
Units of Measurement
Volume
desired unit
Conversion factor
given unit
Dimensional Analysis