Global Navigation Satellite

Systems
GNSS
Accuracy 10m or better

Galileo GPS
EU/ESA USA

Planned
India, Japan, Korea

GLONASS
Russia Compass
China
Space Based Augmentation Systems
Improves GNSS accuracy to 3 metres
 GNSS
Errors

Ionospheric & Tropospheric

Canyon Effect – 1 metre diffraction 10 + 1 metres

Part copied from http://www.kowoma.de/en/gps/errors.htm

Timimg errors 4m –
Geometry up to 100m Rounding errors 1m Orbits up to 5m
Ionospheric effects ± 5 metres
Shifts in the satellite orbits ± 2.5 metres
Clock errors of the satellites' clocks ± 2 metres
Multipath effect ± 1 metre
Tropospheric effects ± 0.5 metre
Calculation & rounding errors ± 1 metre
All adds up to +- 15m – 10m typically stated
With EGNOS still +-3 to 5m according to this source
However +- 1m considered realistic
 R1

Ephemeris – Actual Position of the Satellite

Time – determines how far away we are R1
Geometry locates us anywhere on the surface of a sphere
 R2

R1

Ephemeris – Actual Position of the Satellite

Time – determines how far away we are R1
Geometry locates us anywhere on the surface of a sphere
Intersect 2 Spheres gives a ring
 R2

R1 R3

Ephemeris – Actual Position of the Satellite

Time – determines how far away we are R1
Geometry locates us anywhere on the surface of a sphere
Intersect 2 Spheres gives a ring
Intersect 3 Spheres gives 2 points
4 spheres gives a 3D position
 CODE DIVISION MULITPLE ACCESS – CDMA SPREAD SPECTRUM

GNSS DATA

+ TRANSMISSION

SPREADING CODE

CORRELATOR RECEPTION

DATA OR PRN
Cold Start – Load The Almanac – where are the satellites
Warm start – get satellite data and extract Ephemeris (position) and
time
Calculate UTC
Do Geometry and get a 3D fix
Use SBAS to correct Fix
Use Regression to get better accuracy

ASSISTED GPS – this is a technique whereby another source of

location data is used to enable the device to start seeking the most
apprpriate satellites. E.G. CELL-ID, dead reckoning or just memeory
Space Based Augmentation Systems
Improves GNSS accuracy to 3 metres
INTRODUCTION TO DATA OVER GSM

ANALOGUE – e.g V22 etc

SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE – SMS
GPRS

BASIC SMS COMMANDS

AT+CMGS=”+447967123456”
>
ENTER TEXT
CONTROL Z

AT+CMGR=NN

AT+CMGD=NN

AT+CMGW=”+44796123456”
>
ENTER TEXT
CONTROL Z

AT+CMSS = NN