Python Crash Course

Scipy
 SciPy

• SciPy is an Open Source library of scientific tools for Python. It depends on the NumPy
library, and it gathers a variety of high level science and engineering modules together
as a single package. SciPy provides modules for
– file input/output
– statistics
– optimization
– numerical integration
– linear algebra
– Fourier transforms
– signal processing
– image processing
– ODE solvers
– special functions
– and more...
• See http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/
 SciPy: Statistics

scipy.stats
>>> from scipy import stats
>>> dir(stats)

The main public methods for continuous Random Variables are:

•rvs: Random Variates
•pdf: Probability Density Function
•cdf: Cumulative Distribution Function
•sf: Survival Function (1-CDF)
•ppf: Percent Point Function (Inverse of CDF)
•isf: Inverse Survival Function (Inverse of SF)
•stats: Return mean, variance, (Fisher’s) skew, or (Fisher’s) kurtosis
•moment: non-central moments of the distribution
 SciPy: Statistics
scipy.stats
>>> s = sp.randn(100) # same as numpy.random.randn
>>> print len(s)
100
>>> print("Mean : {0:8.6f}".format(s.mean()))
Mean : -0.105170
The
>>> print("Minimum : {0:8.6f}".format(s.min()))
Minimum : -3.091940
>>> print("Maximum : {0:8.6f}".format(s.max()))
Maximum : 2.193828
>>> print("Variance : {0:8.6f}".format(s.var()))
Variance : 0.863475
>>> print("Std. deviation : {0:8.6f}".format(s.std()))
Std. deviation : 0.929233

>>> from scipy import stats

>>> n, min_max, mean, var, skew, kurt = stats.describe(s)
>>> print("Number of elements: {0:d}".format(n))
Number of elements: 100
>>> print("Minimum: {0:8.6f} Maximum: {1:8.6f}".format(min_max[0], min_max[1]))
Minimum: -3.091940 Maximum: 2.193828
>>> print("Mean: {0:8.6f}".format(mean))
Mean: -0.105170
>>> print("Variance: {0:8.6f}".format(var))
Variance: 0.872197
>>> print("Skew : {0:8.6f}".format(skew))
Skew : -0.146500
>>> print("Kurtosis: {0:8.6f}".format(kurt))
Kurtosis: 0.117884
 Example: Numerical integration

Bessel's equation arises when finding separable solutions to Laplace's equation

and the Helmholtz equation in cylindrical or spherical coordinates. Bessel
functions are therefore especially important for many problems of wave
propagation and static potentials. In solving problems in cylindrical coordinate
systems, one obtains Bessel functions of integer order (α = n); in spherical
problems, one obtains half-integer orders (α = n+1/2). For example:
– Electromagnetic waves in a cylindrical waveguide
– Heat conduction in a cylindrical object
– Modes of vibration of a thin circular (or annular) artificial membrane (such as a drum or other
membranophone)
– Diffusion problems on a lattice
– Solutions to the radial Schrödinger equation (in spherical and cylindrical coordinates) for a
free particle
– Solving for patterns of acoustical radiation
– Frequency-dependent friction in circular pipelines
Bessel functions also appear in other problems, such as signal processing (e.g., see FM
synthesis, Kaiser window, or Bessel filter).
 Example: Numerical integration

• Integrate a Bessel function jv(2.5,x) from 0 to 4.5:

>>> import numpy as np

>>> import scipy as sp
>>> from scipy import integrate # scipy sub-packages have to be imported separately
>>> from scipy import special
>>> result = integrate.quad(lambda x: special.jv(2.5,x), 0, 4.5)
>>> print result
(1.1178179380783249, 7.866317182537226e-09)

>>> I = sqrt(2/pi)*(18.0/27*sqrt(2)*cos(4.5)-4.0/27*sqrt(2)*sin(4.5)+ :
... sqrt(2*pi)*special.fresnel(3/sqrt(pi))[0])
>>> print I
1.11781793809

>>> print abs(result[0]-I)

1.03761443881e-11
 SciPy: Linear Algebra

scipy.linalg
SciPy is built using the optimized ATLAS LAPACK (Linear Algebra PACKage)
and BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) libraries, it has very fast linear
algebra capabilities. All of these linear algebra routines expect an object that
can be converted into a 2-dimensional array. The matrix class is initialized with
the SciPy command mat which is just convenient short-hand for matrix.
>>> A = matrix('1.0 2.0; 3.0 4.0')
>>> A
[[ 1. 2.]
[ 3. 4.]]

>>> type(A) # file where class is defined

<class 'numpy.matrixlib.defmatrix.matrix'>

>>> B = mat('[1.0 2.0; 3.0 4.0]')

>>> B
[[ 1. 2.]
[ 3. 4.]]

>>> type(B) # file where class is defined

<class 'numpy.matrixlib.defmatrix.matrix'>
 SciPy – Linear Algebra
Matrix inversion.

>>> A = mat('[1 3 5; 2 5 1; 2 3 8]')

>>> A
matrix([[1, 3, 5],
[2, 5, 1],
[2, 3, 8]])
>>> A.I
matrix([[-1.48, 0.36, 0.88],
[ 0.56, 0.08, -0.36],
[ 0.16, -0.12, 0.04]])
>>> from scipy import linalg
>>> linalg.inv(A)
array([[-1.48, 0.36, 0.88],
[ 0.56, 0.08, -0.36],
[ 0.16, -0.12, 0.04]])
 SciPy – Linear Algebra

Solving linear system

S = A-1 B where S=[ x y z] and B = [ 10 8 3]

>>> A = mat('[1 3 5; 2 5 1; 2 3 8]')

>>> b = mat('[10;8;3]')
>>> A.I*b
matrix([[-9.28],
[ 5.16],
[ 0.76]])
>>> linalg.solve(A,b)
array([[-9.28],
[ 5.16],
[ 0.76]])
 SciPy – Linear Algebra

Finding Determinant

>>> A = mat('[1 3 5; 2 5 1; 2 3 8]')

>>> linalg.det(A)
-25.000000000000004
 SciPy – Linear Algebra

Solving linear least-squares problems

The model

Minimize

After some algebra, vector/matrix representaions of this problem

As an example solve for model:

 SciPy – Linear Algebra
from numpy import *
from scipy import linalg
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

c1,c2= 5.0,2.0
i = r_[1:11]
xi = 0.1*i
yi = c1*exp(-xi)+c2*xi
zi = yi + 0.05*max(yi)*random.randn(len(yi))

A = c_[exp(-xi)[:,newaxis],xi[:,newaxis]]
c,resid,rank,sigma = linalg.lstsq(A,zi)

xi2 = r_[0.1:1.0:100j]
yi2 = c[0]*exp(-xi2) + c[1]*xi2

plt.plot(xi,zi,'x',xi2,yi2)
plt.axis([0,1.1,3.0,5.5])
plt.xlabel('$x_i$')
plt.title('Data fitting with linalg.lstsq')
plt.show()
 SciPy – Singular value decomposition
Singular Value Decompostion (SVD) can be thought of as an extension of the
eigenvalue problem to matrices that are not square. Let A be an M x N matrix.
SVD of A can be written as
With U = AHA and V= AAH and  is the matrix of eigenvectors

>>> A = mat('[1 3 2; 1 2 3]')

>>> M,N = A.shape
>>> U,s,Vh = linalg.svd(A)
>>> Sig = mat(linalg.diagsvd(s,M,N))
>>> U, Vh = mat(U), mat(Vh)
>>> print U
[[-0.70710678 -0.70710678]
[-0.70710678 0.70710678]]
>>> print Sig
[[ 5.19615242 0. 0. ]
[ 0. 1. 0. ]]
>>> print Vh
[[ -2.72165527e-01 -6.80413817e-01 -6.80413817e-01]
[ -6.18652536e-16 -7.07106781e-01 7.07106781e-01]
[ -9.62250449e-01 1.92450090e-01 1.92450090e-01]]
 Example: Linear regression
import scipy as sp
from scipy import stats
import pylab as plt
n=50 # number of points
x=sp.linspace(-5,5,n) # create x axis data
a, b=0.8, -4
y=sp.polyval([a,b],x)
yn=y+sp.randn(n) #add some noise
(ar,br)=sp.polyfit(x,yn,1)
yr=sp.polyval([ar,br],x)
err=sp.sqrt(sum((yr-yn)**2)/n) #compute the mean square error
print('Linear regression using polyfit')
print(‘Input parameters: a=%.2f b=%.2f’ % (a,b))
print(‘Regression: a=%.2f b=%.2f, ms error= %.3f' % (ar,br,err))
plt.title('Linear Regression Example')
plt.plot(x,y,'g--')
plt.plot(x,yn,'k.')
plt.plot(x,yr,'r-')
plt.legend(['original','plus noise', 'regression'])
plt.show()
(a_s,b_s,r,xx,stderr)=stats.linregress(x,yn)
print('Linear regression using stats.linregress')
print('parameters: a=%.2f b=%.2f’ % (a,b))
print(‘regression: a=%.2f b=%.2f, std error= %.3f' % (a_s,b))
 Example: Least squares fit

from pylab import *

from numpy import *
from matplotlib import *
from scipy.optimize import leastsq

fp = lambda v, x: v[0]/(x**v[1])*sin(v[2]*x) # parametric function

v_real = [1.7, 0.0, 2.0]
fn = lambda x: fp(v_real, x) # fn to generate noisy data
e = lambda v, x, y: (fp(v,x)-y) # error function
n, xmin, xmax = 30, 0.1, 5 # Generate noisy data to fit
x = linspace(xmin,xmax,n)
y = fn(x) + rand(len(x))*0.2*(fn(x).max()-fn(x).min())
v0 = [3., 1, 4.] # Initial parameter values
v, success = leastsq(e, v0, args=(x,y), maxfev=10000) # perform fit
print ‘Fit parameters: ', v
print ‘Original parameters: ', v_real
X = linspace(xmin,xmax,n*5) # plot results
plot(x,y,'ro', X, fp(v,X))
show()
 SciPy: Ordinary Differential Equations

Simple differential equations can be solved numerically using the Euler-Cromer method, but more
complicated differential equations may require a more sophisticated method. The scipy library for Python
contains numerous functions for scientific computing and data analysis. It includes the function odeint for
numerically
from solving sets
scipy import of first-order, ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using a sophisticated algorithm.
odeint
from pylab import * # for plotting commands

def deriv(y,t): # return derivatives of the array y

arewritten
= -2.0as the following two first-order differential equations,
b = -0.1
return array([ y[1], a*y[0]+b*y[1] ])
time = linspace(0.0,10.0,1000)
yinit = array([0.0005,0.2]) # initial values
The function y will be the first element y[0] (remember that the lowest index of an array is zero, not
one) and the derivative y ′ will be the second element y[1]. You can think of the index as how many
y = odeint(deriv,yinit,time)
derivatives are taken of the function. In this notation, the differential equiations are
figure()
plot(time,y[:,0]) # y[:,0] is the first column of y
xlabel(‘t’)
ylabel(‘y’)
show()
Introduction to language

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