UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

(BERTAM,PULAU PINANG)
Faculty of Health Sciences
Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology

HORMONE SECRETED BY
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
PREPARED BY: LECTURER:
•Wan Muhammad Redhuan Hafizi
Bin Wan Amran • Sir Zakaria bin Ismail
(2016625156) • Madam Nurhidayah bt Ab.
•Nurfathin Binti Adnan
Rahim
(2016625222)
•Nurul Fatinajihah Binti Zulikipli • Sir Nazar Mohd Zabadi bin
(2016625096) Mohd Azahar
 N
IO
CT • The endocrine system consists of glands widely
U
separated from each other with no direct links or
D
duct.
O

• Endocrine glands surrounded by an extensive

TR

network of capillaries that facilitates diffusion of

IN

hormones (chemical messengers) from the

secretory cells into the bloodstream.
• They are commonly referred to as the ductless
glands because the hormones diffuse directly
into the bloodstream.
• The hormones is carried in the bloodstream to
target tissues and organs that may be quite
distant in our body.
• The target tissues with receptor will respond
toward the signal.
ORGANS IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 HYPOTHALAMUS
Hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and sits just above the
brainstem. All vertebrate brains have a hypothalamus. Its primary
function is to maintain homeostasis (stability of the internal environment)
in the body.

Specialized neuron clusters called

neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
produce the hormones Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OT), and
transport them to the pituitary, where they're
stored for later release.
 ANTIDIURETIC Is stored and
HORMOE released by posterior
(ADH) pituitary
HYPOTHALAMUS
(PRODUCE)
OXYTOCIN Is stored and
released by posterior
(OT) pituitary
 ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• Anterior pituitary also known as adenohypophysis.
• The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including
stress, growth and reproduction.
• There are five anterior pituitary cells that secrete seven hormones :

Somatotrophs Gonadotrophs Lactotrophs Corticotrophs Thyrotrophs

• Secrete human • Secrete follicle- • Secrete prolactin • Secrete • Secrete thyroid-

growth hormone stimulating (PRL) adrenocorticotropi stimulating
(GH) hormone (FSH) c hormone hormone (TSH)
(ACTH)
• Secretes luteinizing
hormone (LH) • secretes
melanocyte-
stimulating
hormone (MSH)
 • Growth hormone (GH)
• Melanocyte stimulating
hormone (MSH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ANTERIOR (ACTH)
PITUITAR • Thyroid stimulating hormone
Y (TSH)
• Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Prolactin (PLN)
 HORMONE TARGET AREA FUNCTION
• Stimulates tissue growth in the liver,
Growth Hormone muscles, bones, as well as protein
Tissues synthesis, tissue repair, and elevation of
(GH)
blood glucose levels.

Melanocyte stimulating • Stimulates pigment regulation in epidermis.

hormone Brain
(MSH)
• Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (cortisol) by the adrenal cortex during the
Adrenal cortex
(ACTH) body’s response to stress.

• Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid

Thyroid stimulating hormone hormones.
Thyroid gland
(TSH)

• Stimulates development of oocytes

Follicle stimulating hormone Ovaries and testes (immature egg cells) and secretion of
(FSH) (gonads) estrogen in females; stimulates sperm
production in the testes in males.

• Stimulates secretion of estrogen and

Ovaries and testes progesterone, including during ovulation, in
Luteinizing hormone
(gonads) females; stimulates testes to produce
(LH)
testosterone in males.

Prolactin • Stimulates the breasts to produce milk.

Mammary glands
(PRL)
 POSTERIOR PITUITARY
• Their structure are very similar to interior pituitary but they have
different physiological roles
• Two hormones that released are oxytocin and arginine vasopressin
 ARGININE VASOPRESSIN
1.Excess ADH will cause syndrome of

CLINICAL
ARGININE
WHAT IS

DISORDERS
VASOPRESSIN ?
1.It is better known as antidiuretic
hormone
2.Function of arginine vasopressin is for
regulates water excretion by the kidney
3. It also controls the balance amount of
water in the body
4.Osmotic sensor and baroreceptor work
with ADH to maintain metabolism
inappropiate antidiuretic hormone
2. Deficiency of ADH
Diabetes insipidus
-Excessive urination called polyuria
-Followed by extreme thirst call polydipsia
-Extremely tired because their sleep
frequently interrupted by need to urinate
-Lead to severe dehydration

OXYTOCIN
WHAT IS OXYTOCIN?
1.Known as cuddle hormone because it
is release when people snuggle up or
bond socially
2. Oxytocin is particularly important
for women
- High level of oxytocin is linked to benign prostatic
3.Causes uterine contractions during
deliver and help shrinks the uterus after
delivery
CLINICAL
DISORDERS
1. Hyposecretion of oxytocin
- Inappropriate milk ejection
- Linked to autism and autistic spectrum
2. Hypersecretion of oxytocin
- Galactorrhea (leaking milk from the breast tissue)
hyperplasia
-Prolonged and difficulty to giving birth
 PINEAL BODY
It secretes MELATONIN that causes sleepiness and regulation of certain endocrine
functions.
1.Controls body rhythms
WHAT IS MELATONIN?
2.Synthesized from the
neurotransmitter
serotonin
3.The more light detect,
the less melatonin
produced and released
1. Bleeding disorder The proper ways to
TREATMENT AND
PREVENTIONS
CLINICAL DISORDERS
-Melatonin might make increase the melatonin
bleeding worse in people with
bleeding disorder are :
2. Diabetes 1. Proper light / dark
-Melatonin can increase blood exposure
sugar in people with diabetes. 3.
High blood pressure 2. Increase the
-It will increase the blood pressure consumption of sources
people who are taking medicine to of melatonin’s precursor,
control the blood pressure
tryptophan.
For examples :
Eat barley, oat, rice,
pumpkin seed, almond
and peanut
 THYROID
• Play the major roles in regulating the body’s metabolism
and effect different cell type.
• Hormones that can secretes by thyroid are calcitonin,
thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (t4 ) and triiodothyronine
(t3 ) .

FUNCTIONS OF CLINICAL
HORMONES DISORDER
1. Calcitonin 1. Lack of hormone
- Controls the calcium ion concentration in the -Hypothyroidsm
body by maintaining a proper calcium level in The person will have very low metabolic rate
the blood stream there also change in their facial appearance.
2. Tetraiodothyronine (t4 ) and For children they might have obesity and short
triiodothyronine (t3 ) stature
- Synthesized protein and increase energy 2. Overeactivity of hormone
production for all cells. Stimulates activity in -Hyperthyroidsm
nervous system. The person will have suddenly weight loss,
Triiodothyronine is five more potent than the rapid or irregular heart beat, sweating and
tetraiodothyronine nervousness or irritability.
 PARATHYROID
• A GLAND THAT REGULATES CALCIUM
• LOCATED AT BEHIND THE THYROID GLAND IN THE NECK
• SECRETES A HORMONE CALLED PARATHORMONE OR PARATHYRIN
• THE FUNCTION OF THE HORMONE IS TO CONTROLS THE CONCENTRATION OF
CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD STREAM
 THYMUS
• LIES IN MEDIASTINUM POSTERIOR TO THE STERNUM AND BETWEEN THE LUNG
• RELATIVELY LARGE BUT SHRINKS WITH THE AGE
• PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN IMMUNITY
• SECRETES A HORMONE CALLED THYMOSINS
WHAT IS
THYMOSINS?

Produced by the
thymus gland and
trigger the creation of
t-cells which are used
by the immune system
to fight diseases.
 THE ADRENAL GLAND
• The adrenal gland have two part - adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.
• Adrenal medulla and cortex are develop separately – clinical disorder always affect
either cortex or medulla but not both.
• The adrenal glands lies immediately superior to the kidney. Hence, the anatomical
name is suprarenal gland.
• Adrenal cortex secretes hormones called the adrenalcorticoids hormones and has 3
groups of corticoids (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones)
• Adrenal medulla secretes hormones called epinephrine and norepinephrine.
ADRENAL CORTEX

MINERALOCORTICO
FUNCTION OF HORMONES

CLINICAL DISORDERS
IDS
The
mineralocorticoi
ds principal is
aldosterone
Increasing the
reabsorption of
sodium and in
the renal tubules.
The net of result
these activities is
mantainance of
fluid and
electrolyte
balance

GLUCOCORTICOIDS
The
glucocorticoids
principal is
cortisol
Regulates the
metabolism of
proteins,
carbohydrates
and lipids
It increases the
catabolism or
breakdown of
protein in bone,
skin muscle and
connective tissue

SEX HORMONES
Supplement of
sex hormones
from the gonads
and stimulates
early
development of
reproductive
organ
 Adrenal
medulla

• Epinephrine (adrenaline).
Helps the body to respond to a stressful situation by increasing the
heart rate and force of heart contractions, facilitates blood flow to the
muscles and brain, causes relaxation of smooth muscles, helps with
conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and other activities.

• Norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
This hormone leads to squeezing of the blood vessels
(vasoconstriction), thus maintaining blood pressure and increasing it
in response to acute stress.
Gonads
Testes Testosterone Regulates sperm cell production and secondary sex
characteristics.

Ovaries Estrogen Stimulates egg maturation, controls secondary sex

characteristics.
Progesterone To build up the lining of the uteruses to receive a fertilized
egg.
Gonads disorder

Male, testes
• Hypogonadism(low testosterone production) and infertility.
• Treated with hormone replacement therapy.
Female, ovaries
• Affecting a woman’s monthly menstrual cycle
• Problems during pregnancy and the early onset of menopause.
• Treated with hormonal therapies, including birth control pills or a Mirena®
IUD (intrauterine device).
PANCREAS
• Consist pancreatic islets
with 2 types of cells
• Alpha cells – secrete
hormone glucagon
• Beta cells – secrete
hormone insulin
• Aids in the digestion of
protein, fats and
carbohydrates. Produces
insulin which controls
blood sugar levels.
Glucagon • Stimulate liver to break down glycogen
• convert certain non-carbohydrate such as
amino acids into glucose
• raising blood glucose level

Insulin • Stimulate the liver to form glycogen from

glucose and inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose.
• Decrease blood glucose level
• Promotes transport of amino acids into the cells
• Increases the rate of protein synthesis
• Stimulated adipose tissue cells to synthesize
and store fats

Pancreas Disorder
DIESEAS
• Diabetes : loses the ability to appropriately produce and
release insulin
TREATMENT
• Lifelong insulin injections are required to control blood
sugar.
 CONCLUSION
• Endocrine glands secrete hormones straight into the
bloodstream.

• The endocrine system involves many organ systems and

hormones that works together to control many body
functions such as growth, repair and reproduction.