Design Material

Detailed Study of
Cardboard and Net
Meher Kaul
UG-FSID level 1
Cardboard
 Cardboard

What is it?

A generic term that can range from heavy duty paper based products having greater thickness and
superior durability or other specific mechanical attributes to paper. For instance, foldability, rigidity, and
impact resistance.
The construction can range from a thick sheet known as paperboard to corrugated fibre board which is
made of multiple corrugated and flat layers.
Different Kinds of Cardboard
Card Stocks
• Also called cover stock or paste board, it is a paper stock that is thicker and
more durable than normal writing or printing paper, but thinner and more
flexible than other forms of paperboard
• Used on objects that require higher durability than regular paper
• A cover stock label on cardstock indicates that it has a coated finish on one
side (CS1) or both sides (CS1) to produce a glossy look and smooth texture,
especially in use for the printing of business cards and book covers.

• Uses
• Business cards, postcards, playing cards, catalogue covers,
scrapbooking, and other uses which require higher durability than
regular paper.

• Measurement
• Weight of paper in grammage i.e grams per square metre. The
cardstock weight is described within 135 to 300 g/m2.
Paperboard
• Paper-based material, usually more than about 0.25 mm thick
• Often used for folding cartons, set up boxes, carded,
packaging, etc.
• A grammage above 250 g/m2, but there are exceptions
• Can be easily cut and formed, is lightweight, and because it is
strong, is used in packaging.

How is it made?
Fibrous material made from come from either fresh sources like
wood or from recycled waste paper. It is turned into pulp to
create one or more layers of board. It can be optionally coated
for a better surface to improve visual appearance. Pulp boards
are produced on pulping machines that can handle higher
grammage and several plies.
Corrugated Fiberboard
Consists of a fluted corrugated sheet and one or two flat
linerboards. It is made on "flute lamination machines" or
"corrugators" and is used in the manufacture of shipping
containers and corrugated boxes.

It was patented in England in 1856, and used as a liner for

tall hats, but corrugated boxboard was not patented and
used as a shipping material until December 20, 1871. The
corrugated box was first used for packaging glass and
pottery containers. In the mid-1950s, the case enabled fruit
and produce to be shipped from farm to retailer without
bruising, improving the return to producers and opening
export markets.

History
In 1884, Swedish chemist, Carl F. Dahl, developed a process for pulping wood chips into a strong paper that resists tearing,
splitting, and bursting. He named it the kraft process because it produces a strong paper that resists tearing, splitting, and
bursting.
Qualities of Cardboard
• Stiff
• Strong to contain heavy weight
• Becomes stronger as it is folded more
• Light-weight
• Smells raw like cut wood
• Folds along the flutes not against them
• Does not crumble easily
• However, if folded once, it can create creases
• Appearance is not visually appealing
• Does not conduct electricity
• Absorbs heat
Manufacturing Process
Sulfate process: chemicals
Raw material: Fast Only trunks sent to
used to break down wood Sent directly to the paper machine
growing pine trees pulp mills
chips into fibrous pulp where they are formed, pressed,
dried, and rolled into the wide,
heavy rolls of kraft paper sent to
Long fibres give strength and flexibility - tensile, able to corrugating plants to be made into
Corn starch glue is withstand tearing and bursting. Short fibres give cardboard.
used to bond the stiffness, opacity, smoothness, etc.
corrugated
medium to the
liner sheets.
Other raw materials are used to finish the corrugated Brightly colored inks are
cardboard after production. Waxes made from paraffin or also applied to create bold
vegetable oils can be applied to make a water- or graphic designs for self-
grease-resistant container for food products. supporting displays
featuring product name,
information, and company
name and logo.
 Quality Control Tests
• Quality control begins with the suppliers of the kraft paper used to make corrugated
cardboard. Kraft paper must be smooth and strong.

• After the paper passes through the corrugator and is made into box blanks, individual
blanks are pulled from a stack and tested. The Cobb test measures moisture in the liner
and medium.

• Glue strength, bursting strength, compression, and highly accurate dimensional tests
determine the quality of the manufacturing process.

• A warp test determines the flatness of the box blank, insuring that each blank will travel
smoothly through the flexo machines.

• As skilled workers run batches of box blanks through the flexo machines, individual boxes
are pulled and inspected. Trimming, ccutting, and scoring must be correct. No damage to
the cardboard is allowed.
 Limitations
• Packaging: Corrugated Cardboard Boxes may not very suitable for certain heavy items because it
may get deformed under extreme pressure.
• Appearance: Corrugated cardboard has an appearance that's generally less than desirable for craft
projects where beauty is a main goal for the finished product. Corrugated cardboard, due to its internal
structure, has a rough, ridged appearance over its surface that's prone to wrinkling and bending. Any
structures built from it will have an untidy appearance, whereas non-corrugated cardboard holds a
smooth, neat shape.
• Strength: Corrugated cardboard is relatively strong for being so lightweight, but for projects and
purposes that need a bit more heft, you may prefer a denser material. Much of the mass of corrugated
cardboard is air, due to the shape of the corrugation inside. If placed under much sideways pressure,
corrugated cardboard will bend, pucker and crumple.
• Water Resisence: As a packing material, corrugated cardboard provides very little resistance to
moisture. When made wet, either from ambient moisture in the environment or from direct contact,
corrugated cardboard will soften, eventually becoming pulpy. Corrugated cardboard is also highly
absorbent, and will thus readily transfer moisture to its contents.
• Edges: Due to the layered construction of corrugated cardboard, cutting any kind of intricate or curved
shape from a sheet of this material is likely to yield untidy-looking results. The corrugated inner layer will
often show on the edge of a cut.
• Folding: It's difficult to create neat folds in corrugated cardboard. The inner layers will both dictate the
shape of the folds (not necessarily in the direction you want) and cause the material to stretch and
crumple in unintended (and undesirable) ways.
 Glue coating on cardboard
Experiments • Semi Dry
• Wrinkles creates texture
• Mushy feel
Textures

With paper cutter

• Tears more easily and with • Cuts easily
Tearing less noise • Removing top layer
• Makes a loud and • Completely dry
unpleasant noise • Smooth surface
• Tears horizontally, • Hard feel
but not vertically • Very difficult to tear

Soaking in water for 24 hrs

• Tears softly without making a sound
• No smell
• Feels cold and rough
• Can be rolled With
• On pressing when rolled, makes a cardboard
sound that is not too displeasing to the flutes and
ear paint
• Darker color
• Fibres detach when rubbed
Sticking with different
glues
• Fevibond: sticks
• Fevicol sticks
• Fevistick: Does not stick
Where can the variations be used?

Use it as paper mashee To make textures To lift or contain heavy or hot

• Make art, craft and objects like paper • For instance, wall material
holders, artworks
• Coasters

• Trays

• Use as a strong base for sculpture and

can be mixed with Plaster of Paris
• In door Furniture
Final Product
Reflection
Net Fabric
 Net
What is it?
Ancient method of constructing open fabrics by the crossing of
cords, threads, yarns, or ropes so that their intersections are
knotted or looped, forming a geometrically shaped mesh, or open
space.

How are they produced?

Netting method but also by weaving, knitting, and crocheting are
usually machine-made.
The meshes vary greatly in shape and size, and weights range
from fine to coarse.

In recent years…
Most light nets have been constructed on either Tricot or Raschel
knitting machines, so the yarns are only interloped and not
knotted. These knitted nets lack the stability of those constructed
by knotting. Their primary use is in apparel, although some are
used as decorative window hangings.
Origin and History
Net was used mostly by women in the court and as
they gave away more and more of their belongings (as
it was a custom to refrain from repeating garments),
this style filtered into the sartorial choices of the
common folk as well. Lace, which is considered a form
of net, traces its origins to the Victorian Era. This was
introduced to India during the British Empire and was
worn when Indian women wanted to emulate the
fashion styles of the British women.

Garments with elements of net can be traced back

to ancient India as well as western civilizations.
While historically the origin of this fabric remains
unclear, it is apparent that it has been used for
centuries. In terms of ethnic fashion, the oldest net
saree is traced to the pre-Mughal era.
Types of Nets
Bobbinet
It is a hexagonal mesh that may be very thin and transparent (bridal illusion) or fairly
coarse and opaque (casement cloth), depending on the yarn count of the material used to
produce it. Most bobbinet sold in the United States is produced in England and France.

Tulle
It is a fine, stiff hexagonal net made from silk or nylon yarns. It is very similar to bobbinet
but lighter in weight than bridal illusion; some references do not separate bobbinet and
tulle. It is generally used for trimming or over draping of dress goods.

Fishnet
It is a coarse open-mesh construction created by knotting the mesh in a manner similar to
a fisherman’s knot.

Filet Net
It is made with a square mesh, and maline net, used in millinery, is a fine, very thin,
diaphanous; open a diamond shape with hexagonal holes.
 Uses
• Netting is one of the key components to fishing in mass quantities. It is used
because of its Fisherman use netting when trawling, because it is sturdy enough
to carry large amounts of weight as fish are trapped, pulled, then lifted out of
water.

• Net is also used in medical practices to provide fabric insulation and wrapping
under an industry standard sling. In the medical practice, netting provides cushion
and protection, when used in layers, but still allows the skin to breathe under the
fabric.

• Depending on what the netting is being used for, a different wax or plastic coating
can be applied in order to cover the filaments that use up the yarn. Filaments can
be made from synthetic or natural fibres, but that is all up to the manufacturer
when deciphering what the textiles future entails. When netting is going to be
exposed to water or heat often, manufacturers consider that and apply what best
fits that textile.

• Net is commonly used in camping tents. Air can easily pass through the holes,
which allow breathability that doesn’t trap bacteria, and remain impermeable to
pests and insects.

• Netting is often used for luggage bags to create transparent, breathable

compartments that allow people to store items.
Qualities of Net
• Varies in thickness and stiffness
• Sometimes stretches
• Flexible
• Comfortable
• Lightweight
• Beautiful look
• Can be draped
• Does not get creases easily
• Can be cut easily
• Can be folded
• Can be rolled
• Strong tear resistance
• Dainty
• Breezy
• Not malleable
• Stretches in the bias and crosswise direction
Limitations
• See through: It can not be used without another opaque fabric or layering in
fashion
• Holes: It can’t contain fluids like water
• It can not be rolled easily.
• It does not retain the shape like foil paper when folded or stretched.
• Sticks to your body if it becomes wet and makes one uncomfortable
• Uncomfortable to wear in a place with humid climate
• Since it has loose holes in an intersection
Experiments
Cutting stripes
• Thin stripes are easy to cut
• Makes a slightly squeaky sound when cut Soaking in water
• It curls from the sides when a knot is
made • Becomes heavier
• Rough edges • Color becomes darker
• Sticks to body

Sticking
• Doesn’t stick using glue or
fevicol
• Sticks using fabric glue
Where can the variations be used?
Application
Final Product
Reflection
 Bibliography
images
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/187251296981695296/?lp=true
https://www.spartanpaper.com/paperboard-products
https://www.spartanpaper.com/paperboard-products

info
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Corrugated-Cardboard.html#ixzz5N8dBHRe1
https://bizfluent.com/list-6723949-disadvantages-corrugated-cardboard.html
https://textileapex.blogspot.com/2014/10/net-fabric-types-uses.html
https://www.britannica.com/technology/netting