21st CENTURY DISEASES

by: Rolaine Ann Anoza, RMT

TERMS TO REMEMBER:
1. SPORADIC DISEASE
- A disease that occurs only
occasionally within the population of
a particular geographic area.
2. EPIDEMIC DISEASE
- A greater than usual number of
cases of a disease in a particular
region, usually occurring within a
relatively short period
3. PANDEMIC DISEASE
- An epidemic that strikes a very
large area, usually hemisphere-wide
or worldwide
TERMS TO REMEMBER:
4. ENDEMIC
- A disease that is prevalent within
the population of a particular
geographic area.
5. ZOONOTIC DISEASE
- A disease acquired by human from
animal sources
6. CONTAGIOUS DISEASE
- A communicable disease that is
easily, transmitted from one person
to another during a specific period
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
OF THE 21ST CENTURY

• Include newly-identified diseases caused by previously

known microorganisms;
• Newly-identified diseases caused by unknown
microorganisms;
• Known diseases caused by known microorganisms;
• Infectious diseases in new geographic areas;
• Zoonotic diseases that become infectious to humans and;
• Newly-identified reservoirs for microorganisms
PHASES IN THE COURSE
OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

1. INCUBATION
PERIOD
2. PRODROMAL
PERIOD
3. PERIOD OF
ILLNESS
4. PERIOD OF
DECLINE
1. INCUBATION
PERIOD

- The amount of time

between the exposure to the
pathogenic microorganism
and first appearance of signs
and symptoms
2. PRODROMAL
PERIOD
- The short interval in some
infectious diseases that
occurs after the incubation
period
- During this time the
individual starts to feel sick
but does not have a clinically
specific or severe infection.
3. PERIOD OF
ILLNESS

- The individual
experiences the typical
symptoms of the
infectious diseases.
4. DECLINE PHASE

- It occurs when the immune

system is able to control the
replication of the
pathogenic microorganism.
- In this period, symptoms of
the disease have already
subsided.
5. CONVALESCENT
PERIOD

- The replication of the

pathogenic microorganism
has been stopped and the
body is already starting to
recover and regain strength.
 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• EPIDEMIOLOGY – study of the distribution, patterns,
causes, effects and control of disease in a population.
- Point prevalence = number of cases of a particular
infectious disease in a particular population at a given
time
- Incidence = number of new cases of infectious
disease in a given period of time
DISTRIBUTION OF INFECTIOUS
DISEASES IN A POPULATION:
SPORADIC DISEASE is a disease that is
normally absent in a population and occurs
as single, isolated case

ENDEMIC DISEASE is an infectious disease

that occurs frequently in a specific
geographical location or population.

EPIDEMIC DISEASE is a widespread

occurrence of a disease that affects many
individuals

PANDEMIC, if several countries are affected

by the epidemic disease.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE CAN BE:

• COMMUNICABLE • ZOONOTIC
- Disease that is - A disease that normally
transmitted from a exists in animals but can
source to another by be transmitted to
bacteria or virus humans.

• CONTAGIOUS
- A communicable disease
that is rapidly spreading
in different individuals
 INFECTIONS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES
AND ORGANS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
SKIN:

BACTERIAL
FUNGAL
1. IMPETIGO
2. ERYSIPELAS
3. CELLULITIS 1. ATHLETE’S FOOT
4. FOLLICULITIS 2. JOCK ITCH
5. FURUNCLE
3. RINGWORM
6. CARBUNCLE
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:

IMPETIGO ERYSIPELAS
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:

CELLULITIS FOLLICULITIS
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:

FURUNCLE CARBUNCLE
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:

ATHLETE’S FOOT JOCK ITCH

 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:

RINGWORM
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF
THE EYES:

1. CONJUNCTIVITIS
2. BLEPHARITIS
3. KERATITIS
4. CHOREORETINITIS
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE EYES:

CONJUNCTIVITIS BLEPHARITIS
• a.k.a “PINK EYE” • Inflammation of the eyelids
• Most common eye infection • Usually seen in “pinkeye
caused by: conjunctivitis”
- Viruses (adenovirus or cold
virus)
- Bacteria (Chlamydia,
Staphylococci and Streptococci)
• Symptoms: redness,
inflammation of eyelids, watery
and pus discharge, sensitivity to
light
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE EYES:
KERATITIS
Can be caused by:
- Bacteria (S. aureus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
common in contact lens
users
- Virus (Herpes Simplex
Keratitis or Dendritic
keratitis) and (Herpes zoster
keratitis or eye herpes)
CHORIORETINITIS
• Often caused by
toxoplasmosis and
cytomegalovirus infections
• Characterized by floating
black spots, blurry vision,
pain, redness in the eye,
sensitivity to light and
excessive tearing
CONJUNCTIVITIS BLEPHARITIS
KERATITIS CHORIORETINITIS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

UPPER RESPIRATORY

1. TONSILLITIS
2. PHARYNGITIS
3. LARYNGITIS
4. SINUSITIS

*Cough, headache, sore throat, runny nose,

nasal congestion, fever and sneezing
*Most common cause is rhinovirus infection
LOWER RESPIRATORY

1. BRONCHITIS
- Inflammation of the mucous
membranes of the bronchi
- Viral bronchitis (more common)
typically caused by rhinovirus and
influenza
- Bacterial bronchitis may be
caused by Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, Chlamydophila
pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis,
Streptococcus pneumoniae and
Haemophilus influenzae
LOWER RESPIRATORY

2. PNEUMONIA
- Most common cause is
S. pneumoniae.
- Characterized by: productive
coughs, fever, chills, shortness of
breath, chest pain and increased
respiratory rate
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORAL
CAVITY:

1. GINGIVITIS
2. BLISTERS AND SORES CAUSED BY HERPES
SIMPLEX VIRUS
3. ORAL CANCER CAUSED BY PAPILLOMAVIRUS
4. ODONTOGENIC INFECTIONS (dental caries,
periodontal infection, pericoronitis of erupting
teeth)
5. PERIODONTITIS, inflammation of the
periodontal attachment of the teeth (common
chronic bacterial infection)
6. ORAL THRUSH caused by Candida species
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:

GASTROENTERITIS

- PARASITIC
- VIRAL
- BATERIAL
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF
THE GENITAL TRACT:

1. PELVIC INFLAMMATORY
DISEASE (PID)
- Infections of the upper female
reproductive tract
- Can cause irreversible damage
to the uterus, ovaries and
fallopian tubes which can lead
to female infertility
Ex. Of PID

SALPINGITIS

- Infection and
inflammation of the
fallopian tubes caused
by Chlamydia and
gonorrhea
- Characterized by severe
pain in the abdomen
2. VAGINITIS
- Infection of the lower
reproductive tract specifically,
vagina
- Can be caused by Candida spp.,
Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia
infection, genital herpes, and
Human Papilloma virus
3. VULVOVAGINITIS
- Infection of the lower
reproductive tract, specifically
the vagina and vulva
4. CERVICITIS
- Infection of the cervix
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

1. SEPSIS – infection of the blood

- Commonly caused by Streptococcus
pyogenes
2. VASCULITIS – infection of the blood
vessels
- Occur in response to sepsis
3. HEART INFECTIONS
ENDOCARDITIS – infection of the lining of
the heart and heart valves caused by
Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus
or Candida fungi.
MYOCARDITIS - infection of the
myocardium and is usually caused
by a virus.
- Bacterial myocarditis is caused by
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

PERICARDITIS – infection of the

pericardium which may be caused
by viruses (Coxsackie virus), bacteria
(Pneumococcus) or fungi
(Histoplasmosis)
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM:

1. MENINGITIS – infection of the

meninges of the brain
Viral meningitis – common among infants
and people with weak immune system
- Can be transmitted through fecal
contamination and respiratory infections
Bacterial meningitis – more dangerous
than viral variety because it can cause
permanent damage, which includes
hearing loss, mental retardation and even
death
Symptoms include:
- Severe headache, Stiff neck, High
fever, Sensitivity to light,
Drowsiness, confusion
2. ENCEPHALITIS
- Acute inflammation of the brain
- Caused by viruses (Herpes
simplex virus); bacteria
(Tuberculosis, Mycoplasma and
Listeria); fungi (Cryptococcus,
coccidiomycosis and candidiasis)
3. MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
- Condition that resembles both meningitis
and encephalitis
- Can be caused by protozoa (Toxoplasma
gondii), viruses (HSV) and bacteria (Listeria
monocytogenes and Neisseria meningitidis)
4. MYELITIS
- Inflammation of the spinal cord caused by
viruses (enterovirus, retrovirus), bacteria
(Mycoplasma, S.pneumoniae), fungi
(Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidiodes
immitis) and parasites (Schistosoma spp. And
Toxocara canis)
 SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
(SARS)
SALIENT FEATURES:
- Viral infection in humans caused
by the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-
CoV)
Mode of Transmission:
a. Respiratory droplets (coughing
or sneezing)
b. Close contact (kissing, hugging,
sharing of utensils)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
- Fever – most common symptom (above 38°C or 100.4°C)
- Early symptoms: flu-like, chills and body ache
- Other symptoms: sore throat, runny nose, diarrhea
TREATMENT:

1. Antiviral medicines
(Ribavirin) and
Corticosteroids
2. Supportive care such
as, ventilators and
good nursing care
 ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME (AIDS)
SALIENT FEATURES:
- Viral infection in humans
caused by the retrovirus,
Human Immunodefiency
Virus (HIV)
- Characterized by weakened
immune system as the HIV
slowly invades the body and
uses the CD4-T cells to
reproduce itself.
Mode of
Transmission:
1. Multiple and
unprotected
sexual contact
2. Blood and
blood
products
3. Vertical
transmission
(Mother to
baby)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
- Inretractable diarrhea
(lasts for more than a
week)
- Unproductive cough
- Pneumonia
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Recurring fever
- Swollen lymph glands
LABORATORY TESTS:

SCREENING:
Enzyme Linked
Immunosorbent Assays
(ELISA)

CONFIRMATORY:
Western Blot
 Development Stages of AIDS:
Primary stage:
- very short period (1-6 weeks), usually
characterized by flu-like illness and most of
the time ASYMPTOMATIC

Secondary stage:
- Can last for an average of 10 years
- Generally, free from symptoms, though
some patients have swollen lymph glands
- The level of HIV lowers and HIV antibodies
become detectable
Tertiary stage:
- Symptoms are mild
- Immune system is
deteriorating
- Emergence of opportunistic
infections and cancers
Quaternary stage:
- Immune system weakens and
illnesses become more severe
- Development of AIDS
 Most common Opportunistic Infections
associated with AIDS
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION CHARACTERISTICS
CANDIDIASIS (THRUSH) Fungal infection of the mouth, throat or
vagina

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) Viral infection (eyes)

Oral herpes (cold sores) or Genital herpes Viral infection of the face, mouth & genitals
Mycobacterium avium complex Bacterial infection that can cause recurring
fever, general sick feeling, serious weight
loss and digestion problems

Pneumocystis pneumonia Fungal pneumonia

Toxoplasmosis Protozoal infection of thhe brain
Tuberculosis (PTB) Bacterial infection caused by M.tuberculosis
that attacks the lungs
PREVENTION:

- Practice safe sex

- Be in a
monogamous
relationship
- Health education
- Avoid drugs and
alcohol use
ZOONOTIC INFLUENZA
• AVIAN INFLUENZA

• SWINE INFLUENZA
AVIAN INFLUENZA
• a.k.a Avian flu or Bird flu
• Infectious disease of birds
caused by type A strains of
the influenza virus
• Commonly contracted
during the handling of
dead or infected birds or
from contact with the
infected fluids of birds
• Strains of avian influenza
viruses that are
pathologic to humans :
H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N
and H9N2
• Avian influenza A
subtype H5N1 – is a
emerging avian influenza
virus in Asia, Europe,
Middle East and Africa
 SWINE INFLUENZA

• a.k.a “Pig Influenza”, “Swine Diagnosis:

flu,” “Hog flu”
- Viral culture, PCR,
Symptoms: sore throat, chills,
fever, muscle pains, severe
Immunofluorescence
headache, coughing and Treatment:
weakness - anti-viral medicines
• Caused by influenza A
(Oseltamivir or Tami-flu in
subtypes: H1N1, H1N2,
H2N3, H3N1 and H3N2
capsules; and Zenamivir or
• A-H1N1 is the strain that Relenza which is an
causes swine flu in humans inhalant)
 HEPATITIS B
• An infectious illness caused by
the hepatitis B virus (HBV)
that infects the liver of
humans; a.k.a “Serum
hepatitis”
Mode of Transmission:
- Infectious blood or body fluids
- Unprotected sexual contact
- Contaminated needles and
syringes
- Vertical transmission (Mother
to baby)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: PREVENTION:
- Acute infection is
ASYMPTOMATIC and may - Vaccination
last less than 6 months
- Safe sex
- Liver inflammation
- Vomiting - No to drugs of abuse
especially injectables
- Jaundice
- Chronic Hepatitis B lasts
for 6 months or longer
which can lead to cirrhosis
and cancer and maybe
undetected for years
HBV SEROLOGIC MARKERS
 INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
• Viral disease caused by
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
• a.k.a “Pfeiffer’s disease,”
“Filatov’s disease,”
“Glandular fever,” and
“kissing disease”
• Most common among
adolescents and young
adults
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
- The first 3 days of
exposure to EBV
includes symptoms of
body malaise, loss of
appetite, chills and
fatigue
- Intense symptoms:
fever and severe sore
throat
Mode of Transmission:
- Infection is spread by
saliva and has an
incubation period of 4-7
weeks
- Infects the Epithelial cells
before it spreads to B
lymphocytes
 Diagnostic Criteria and Tests
Clinical Triad:
1. Fever
2. Pharyngitis
3. Adenopathy

- Confirmed by Positive
serologic test (Monospot and
EBV antibody (heterophil)
test)and presence of 50%
lymphocytes and 10% atypical
lymphocytes
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