POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION

by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin

Additional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC
UNIT 1

3PART A
Compartmentation:
Cells and Tissues

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION

DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN

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Three Major Body Cavities

The body is
divided into
various cavities
but not all
compartments
have walls or
are completely
enclosed

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Lumens of Hollow Organs
 Hollow organs- contain a space filled with something
other than the organ’s tissue.
 Heart
 Lungs
 Blood vessels
 Intestines
 Lumen – interior of a hollow organ
 Fluid-filled interior
 Not the internal environment- as is in the GI tract

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Functional Compartments
 Extracellular fluid- found outside of organ tissue
 Plasma-fluid of blood
 Interstitial fluid- fluid between blood vessels and
tissue cells
 Intracellular fluid-fluid inside tissue cells

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Body Fluid Compartments

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Cell Membrane: Overview
Membranes in the body may be macroscopic or
microscopic and serve different functions

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Cell Membrane: Function
 Physical barrier- separates intracellular and
extracellular fluid
 Gateway for exchange- controls what enters and
leaves the cell
 Communication- surface proteins respond and
recognize other molecules which can change cell
activity
 Cell structure- cell shape is maintained by
cytoskeletal proteins attached to membrane proteins.
Membrane proteins also form cell junctions
 Phospholipid bilayer- composed of mostly lipids
and proteins, it’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions assist in controlling transport.
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Cell Membrane: Structure
The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane

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 Cell Membrane: Composition
 Lipids
 Phospolipids – a glycerol molecule with one phosphate and two fatty
acid tails- makes up a large percentage of the membrane.
 Cholesterols- imbedded in the bilayer it stabilizes the membrane and
reduces it’s freezing point.
 Proteins
 Integral – transmembrane protein, serves as a channel
 Peripheral – side proteins that may be enzyme of cytoskeleton
anchors
 Lipid-anchored – associate with sphingolipids to form lipid rafts that
may attract other proteins or enzymes
 Carbohydrates
 Glycolipids- carbohydrates and fatty acids
 Glycoprotiens-carbohydrates and proteins
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 Cell Membrane: Formation
Phospholipid molecules are composed of two fatty acid
chains, one glycerol molecule, & one phosphate group

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Cell Membrane: Formation

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Cell Membrane: Proteins
The three types of membrane proteins: integral,
peripheral, and lipid-anchored

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Cell Membrane
Concept Map of cell membrane components

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 The cell membrane covers cells of
various sizes, shapes, and functions

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 Cell Compartments

 Cytoplasm- The space between the plasma

membrane and the nucleus
 Cytosol - the jelly like substance that suspends the
organelles
 Inclusions - a non-membranous organelle or insoluble
particles
 Organelles - cell structures with specific function-
“small organs”
 Nucleus- contains the genetic information for the cell
as chromatin, the nucleolus, and nucleoplasm.

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Cell Compartments
A map for the
study of cell
structure

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Organelle “Factory” and summary chart
 See board drawing and table on board
 Review on your own the functions and structures of
the following cell organelles (see fig 3:12):
 Inclusions (3-types)
 Centrioles, Cillia, & Flagella
 Cytoplasmic protein fibers (3 sizes)
 Cytoskeleton
 Mitochondria
 Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Cytoplasmic Vesicles
 Nucleus
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 Primary Tissue Types

 Epithelial- major functions: are protection, exchange,

and lining cavities.
 Connective- major functions are: support, storage,
communication, immunity.
 Muscle- major functions are: posture, movement, heat
production, support and protection.
 Nerve- major function is communication and control,
information processing.

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Epithelial Tissue: Structure
 Basal lamina
 Basement membrane

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 Epithelial Tissue: Function

 Exchange – quick
movement of molecules
 Transport – move from one
side to another and process
 Ciliated – move substances
in the extracellular matrix
 Protective – multiple layers,
quickly regenerates
 Secretory – produces
substances secreted into the
extracellular matrix or
outside the body.

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Exchange Epithelia
 Single cell layer of flat cells that allow molecules to cross through at different rates,
increase surface area with microvilli.
 Rapid transport -
 Oxygen -
 Carbon dioxide -
 Ions and fluids -
 Capillaries and lung alveoli -

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 Transporting Epithelia

 single layer or cuboidal or

columnar cells, take in a molecule
from a lumen and transport it into
the blood stream.
 Exchange of ions and
nutrients -
 Tight junctions -
 Intestine and kidney -

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Ciliated and Protective Epithelia
 apical cilia allow more the movement of substance on the surface of the
cell, like the ovum or mucus
 Ciliated epithelium -
 Trachea -
 Sweep mucous out -
 Protective epithelium -
 multiple layers and in skin, serve for protection. Cell have a high
regenerative ability.
 Skin -
 Prevent exchange -

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 Secretory Epithelia
 contain goblet cells and
cells that form the different
endocrine or exocrine
glands in the body
 Exocrine tissues
 Mucous glands
 Goblet cells
 Secreted externally via
ducts
 Endocrine tissues
 Hormones
 Secreted to ECF and blood

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Secretory Epithelia
Development of endocrine and exocrine glands
from epithelium

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Connective Tissues: Structure
 Support and barriers – strong high collagen content
allow to withstand forces
 Ground substance – varies in amount of water and
changes the consistency of the type of connecitve
tissue
 Cells – have a wide variety of functions
 Fixed – imbedded in a dense ground substance
 Mobile – blood cells surrounded by a fluid ground
substance such as plasma, are able to enter or leave the
blood stream.

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 Connective Tissues: Structure
 Fibers and their functions- found in the ground substance, the
different ratios of each give each type of connective tissue their
unique characteristics.
 Fibroblast cells - produce the fibers and ground substance
 Collagen – has a stronger tensile strength than steel, there are
12 variations, is most abundant in the body.
 Elastin – gives elasticity to tissues
 Fibrillin – combines with elastin to give support to elastic
organs.
 Fibronectin – stick to extracellular matrix of cells and helps in
forming blood clots
 Reticular fibers- form a network of supportive fibers for cells
composed of free cells as in bone marrow, spleen, and
lymphnodes
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Connective Tissues: Types

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Cells and Fibers of Loose Connective Tissue

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 Various Connective Tissue Types
 Strength or flexibility
 Tendons and ligaments
 Collagen dominates
 Adipose connective tissue
 White
 Single droplet
 Brown
 Multiple droplets
 Blood
 Plasma matrix
 Free blood cells
 Cartilage
 Light and flexible
 Trachea and ears
 Bone
 Calcified
 Copyright
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Muscle Tissues
 Contractile
 Force and movement
 Signal conduction
 Types
 Cardiac
 Smooth
 Skeletal

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Nervous Tissues
 Neurons send signals
 Excitable
 Electrical
 Chemical
 Glial cells support

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 Cell Death and Replacement
 Apoptosis- cell death not caused by injury or other
external reasons
 Normal cell replacement – during body formation, or in
normal body function cells reach a life limit and die
 Programmed cell death - induced by the cell without
disturbing adjacent cells; “cell suicide”
 Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become
any cell needed in the body, totipotent, puripotent, and
mulitpotent
 Role in cell replacement – certain tissues have
multipotent stem cells that can replace cells
 Research uses and potential – need to find a good
source of stem cells, face many ethical issues
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Organs
 Groups of tissues with related function – each
contains the four types of tissues in various ratios
 Epidermal tissue (skin) -
 Multiple cell layers – epidermis, dermis,
hypodermis
 Multiple tissue types – epitheial, connective,
muscular, nervous
 Multiple functions – protection, metabolism,
temperature regulation, water proofing, blood
storage, insulation, excretion, sensory organ

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 Integument System Functions
1. Protection
2. Insulation
3. Water proofing
4. Temperature regulation
5. Excretion
6. Cutaneous Sensory organ
7. Metabolism
8. Blood reservoir

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