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CE581 Modelo Ricardiano 04
CE581 Modelo Ricardiano 04
A introdução do conceito de
Vantagem Comparativa, o mais
importante na teoria do comércio
internacional
Vantagem Absoluta
• Adam Smith na Riqueza das Nações: “If a
foreign country can supply us with a
commodity cheaper than we ourselves can
make it, better buy it of them with some
part of the produce of our own industry,
employed in a way in which we have some
advantage” (Book IV, Section ii, 12)
Teoria do Comércio em Smith
• Por que há Comércio:
– One fundamental thing that economists agree on is that
voluntary trade makes people better off. To an
economist, the difference between domestic trade and
international trade is entirely arbitrary. Therefore, it
seems obvious to most economists that international
trade should also make people better off.
– Persons trade because they secure mutual gains.
– These gains are possible because specialization is
productive: “The division of labor is limited by the
extent of the market”. It implies that any and all
extensions in the size of the economic nexus promise
gains to all participants.
Teoria do Comércio em Smith
• In Smith’s world of natural equals, persons
can choose among specializations as
dictated by the relative returns promised by
the market, and, by inference, they can shift
among alternative specializations as
demands change.
• The costs of such shifts are, at their worst,
transitory, and are eliminated as
adjustments take place toward natural
equilibria in which all participants in the
nexus secure the benefits.
Teoria do Comércio em Smith
• There need be little or no concern with long-
lasting or permanent costs arising from market
displacements. In Smith’s world of natural equals,
the distribution of specializations observed
emerges from the responses to the demands of the
market rather than from any natural distribution of
personal capacities.
• Smith’s “simple system of natural liberty”
embodies the presumption that persons remain
mobile as among different possible employments
and locations in the integrated economy.
Vantagem Comparativa
• Idéia original: pertence a Robert Torrens,
que a desenvolveu circa 1815.
• David Ricardo a formalizou em 1817,
dando um exemplo numérico famoso,
mostrado a seguir.
Princípio da Vantagem
Comparativa
• O Comércio Internacional é o resultado de
diferenças nos custos (preços) relativos ou
comparativos na produção de bens entre os
parceiros comerciais.
• Cada país tenderá a exportar produtos nos
quais possui Vantagens Comparativas e a
importar produtos nos quais possui
Desvantagens Comparativas.
Exemplo de Vantagem
Comparativa