WASTE DISPOSAL

Solid waste treatment and disposal

Submitted to:
DR. ABDUL GHANI

AAAMIR IQBAL
M.Phil. Botany 1st

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 Plan:
1. Solid wastes and their types

2. Methods of their processing

3. Қалдықтарды
3. Waste Management
жою шаралары

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 Solid wastes
Solid or semisolid, nonsoluble material (including gases and
liquids in containers) such as agricultural refuse, demolition
waste, industrial waste, mining residues, municipal garbage,
and sewage sludge.

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Mechanical processing of solid wastes
For chemical burners, but not for
industrial waste, two types of mechanical
treatment are used: crushing and grinding
(pressing). It concerns organic and
inorganic waste. After crushing,
fractionation may be, it can be converted
into waste products. Solid materials can be
shipped to the required volume, such as
shrinkage, shaving, sharpening, cutting,
wrapping.

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Disassembly and grinding

Allocates the separation and grinding to dry and damp.

Solid waste is used for mineral removal and grinding
machines.
                The disassembly and crushing process is carried out by
means of machines called crusher or melnica.
                   The main types of crushing solid waste are divided
into the following classes:
crushing, spinning and other agglomerates by crushing and
crushing,
crushing grinder, flat roller crusher, flat roller crusher, roller ring,
vertical, horizontal, and mattress in the garden;
crushers with impact effect, bulk excimers, disintegrators, drums;
- vapor and colloidal agitators, vibratory reactors;
other excavators; punches, bees.
               For decomposition, the cone with rolling principle,
roller excavators and blowing agitators (rolling, rotary,
disintegrator) are used

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Type of force used for crushing

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 Crushers
Crushers are machines used for crushing ore concentrators.

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Roller and roller crusher

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 Thermal treatment of solid waste
• There are three methods of thermal deactivation and utilization of solid wastes:
laying of pre-prepared wastes in residual-combustion compressors; burning of pre-
prepared wastes (released from ballast fractions) with natural fuel in layers of
energy or in cement furnaces or of cells; pyrolysis of waste, whether or not pre-
prepared. Despite the complexity of the solid household waste, it can be regarded as
a fuel dumper (1000-1200 Gcal of heat per year). Thermal treatment of waste does
not only neutralize them, but also helps to extract thermal energy from it and to
remove metal scrap from it

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 Chemical treatment of solid wastes
• Chemical treatment - solid waste treatment with
chemical reagents Chemical technology can be
obtained from solid wastes. Chemical methods of
solid wastes include alkaline, defrost, crystallization
of recyclable substance.

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 Chemical treatment
• Chemical treatment involves a chemical
process that transforms hazardous waste into
less dangerous substances that can be
extracted from a solution.
• Chemical treatment processes alter the
chemical structure of the constituents of the
waste to produce either an innocuous or a
less hazardous material.

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Chemical Treatment of Hazardous Waste

• Chemical processes are attractive because

they produce minimal air emissions, they can
often be carried out on the site of the waste
generator, and some processes can be
designed and constructed as mobile units.

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 A L
I C
E M O DS
CH ETH
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• The five chemical treatment operations
commonly used in treating wastes are as
follows:
1- Neutralization
2- Precipitation
3- Ion exchange
4- De-chlorination
5- oxidation and reduction

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1. Neutralization:
is a process for reducing the acidity or alkalinity of
a waste stream by mixing acids and bases to
produce a neutral solution.
This has proven to be a viable waste management
process.
Neutralization is where the pH of a corrosive
chemical solution is altered by adding acids to
alkaline solutions, and vice-versa.

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2. Precipitation:
is a process for removing soluble compounds
contained in a waste stream.
A specific chemical is added to produce a
precipitate.
This type of treatment is applicable to streams
containing heavy metals.

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Chemical precipitation is another method,
which uses a chemical reaction to form
separable particulate matter  in solutions,
either by changing the substance into an
insoluble form, or by changing the properties
of the solution to diminish the solubility of the
contaminant.
The effectiveness of this process can be
increased by using coagulants and flocculants.

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3. Ion exchange:
is used to remove from solution ions derived from
inorganic materials.
The solution is passed over a resin bed, which
exchanges ions for the inorganic substances to be
removed.
When the bed loses its capacity to remove the
component, it can be regenerated with a caustic
solution.

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• These methods include the ion exchange
reaction, whereby the charges of atoms or
groups of atoms are exchanged between two
chemical substances, allowing them to bond
together.

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4. De-chlorination:
is a process for stripping chlorine atoms from
chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs). One of the processes uses a
metallic sodium reagent to break the chlorine
bond.

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5. Oxidation-reduction:
is a process for detoxifying toxic wastes in which
the chemical bonds are broken by the passage
of electronics from one reactant to another

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• The oxidation and reduction (a.k.a. redox)
reaction involves the oxidation number of
chemicals changing, to facilitate their removal
and or render the chemicals benign; this is the
same process as the rusting of metals or
browning of fruit.

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Key Waste Disposal considerations are the major
environmental and human health hazards:

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 References

1) K.T. Zhantasov., U.K. Bishimbaev, Sh. Moldabekov., MK Zhantasov.,

Fundamentals of design and equipment of factories. - Almaty, 2006, 272b.

2) NMOmarova. Lectures of discipline "Waste technology" for students. -

Semey city: Semipalatinsk State University named after Shakarim, 2013.-45
pages.

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THANK
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