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Culture Documents
1
Agenda
• Finish outerjoins.
• Creating a schema
• Modifying the database
• Defining views
2
Null Values and Outerjoins
Explicit joins in SQL:
Product(name, category)
Purchase(prodName, store)
SELECT
SELECTProduct.name,
Product.name,Purchase.store
Purchase.store
FROM
FROM Product
ProductJOIN
JOINPurchase
PurchaseON
ON
Product.name
Product.name==Purchase.prodName
Purchase.prodName
Same as:
SELECT
SELECTProduct.name,
Product.name,Purchase.store
Purchase.store
FROM
FROM Product,
Product,Purchase
Purchase
WHERE
But Products that never Product.name
WHERE will be lost=!=Purchase.prodName
Product.name
sold Purchase.prodName
3
Null Values and Outerjoins
Left outer joins in SQL:
Product(name, category)
Purchase(prodName, store)
SELECT
SELECTProduct.name,
Product.name,Purchase.store
Purchase.store
FROM
FROM Product
ProductLEFT
LEFTOUTER
OUTERJOIN
JOINPurchase
PurchaseON
ON
Product.name
Product.name==Purchase.prodName
Purchase.prodName
4
Product Purchase
Name Category ProdName Store
Name Store
Gizmo Wiz
Camera Ritz
Camera Wiz
OneClick NULL 5
Outer Joins
INSERT
INSERT INTO
INTO R(A1,….,
R(A1,….,An)
An) VALUES
VALUES (v1,….,
(v1,….,vn)
vn)
SELECT
SELECT DISTINCT
DISTINCT Purchase.product
Purchase.product
FROM
FROM Purchase
Purchase
WHERE
WHERE Purchase.date
Purchase.date>>“10/26/01”
“10/26/01”
SELECT
SELECT DISTINCT
DISTINCT prodName
prodName
FROM
FROM Purchase
Purchase
WHERE
WHERE prodName
prodName NOT
NOTININ(SELECT
(SELECT name
nameFROM
FROM Product)
Product)
camera - -
11
Insertion: an Example
INSERT
INSERT INTO
INTO Product(name,
Product(name,listPrice)
listPrice)
SELECT
SELECT DISTINCT
DISTINCT prodName,
prodName,price
price
FROM
FROM Purchase
Purchase
WHERE
WHERE prodName
prodName NOT
NOTININ(SELECT
(SELECT name
nameFROM
FROM Product)
Product)
camera 200 -
DELETE
DELETE FROM
FROM PURCHASE
PURCHASE
WHERE
WHERE seller
seller==‘Joe’
‘Joe’ AND
AND
product
product==‘Brooklyn
‘BrooklynBridge’
Bridge’
UPDATE
UPDATE PRODUCT
PRODUCT
SET
SET price
price==price/2
price/2
WHERE
WHERE Product.name
Product.name ININ
(SELECT
(SELECTproduct
product
FROM
FROM Purchase
Purchase
WHERE
WHERE DateDate=‘Oct,
=‘Oct,25,
25,1999’);
1999’);
14
Data Definition in SQL
So far we have see the Data Manipulation Language, DML
Next: Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data types:
Defines the types.
• Create tables
• Delete tables
• Modify table schema
15
Indexes: to improve performance
Data Types in SQL
• Characters:
– CHAR(20) -- fixed length
– VARCHAR(40) -- variable length
• Numbers:
– INT, REAL plus variations
• Times and dates:
– DATE, DATETIME (SQL Server only)
• To reuse domains:
CREATE DOMAIN address AS VARCHAR(55)
16
Creating Tables
Example:
CREATE
CREATE TABLE
TABLEPerson(
Person(
name
name VARCHAR(30),
VARCHAR(30),
social-security-number
social-security-number INT,
INT,
age
age SHORTINT,
SHORTINT,
city
city VARCHAR(30),
VARCHAR(30),
gender
gender BIT(1),
BIT(1),
Birthdate
Birthdate DATE
DATE
););
17
Deleting or Modifying a Table
Deleting:
Example: DROP
DROPPerson;
Person; Exercise with care !!
CREATE
CREATE TABLE
TABLEPerson(
Person(
name
name VARCHAR(30),
VARCHAR(30),
social-security-number
social-security-number INT,
INT,
age
age SHORTINT
SHORTINT DEFAULT
DEFAULT100,
100,
city
city VARCHAR(30)
VARCHAR(30)DEFAULT
DEFAULT ‘Seattle’,
‘Seattle’,
gender
gender CHAR(1)
CHAR(1) DEFAULT
DEFAULT ‘?’,
‘?’,
Birthdate
Birthdate DATE
DATE
SELECT
SELECT**
FROM
FROM Person
Person
WHERE
WHERE name
name==“Smith”
“Smith”
Syntax:
CREATE
CREATEINDEX
INDEX nameIndex
nameIndexON
ONPerson(name)
Person(name)
22
Creating Indexes
Indexes can be created on more than one attribute:
CREATE
CREATEINDEX
INDEXdoubleindex
doubleindexONON
Example: Person
Person(age,
(age,city)
city)
SELECT
SELECT**
Helps in: FROM
FROM Person
Person
WHERE
WHEREage
age==55
55AND
ANDcity
city==“Seattle”
“Seattle”
SELECT
SELECT**
But not in: FROM
FROM Person
Person
WHERE
WHEREcity
city==“Seattle”
“Seattle” 23
Creating Indexes
CREATE
CREATEINDEX
INDEXageIndex
ageIndexON
ON Person
Person(age)
(age)
CREATE
CREATEVIEW
VIEW Developers
DevelopersASAS
SELECT
SELECTname,
name,project
project
FROM
FROM Employee
Employee
WHERE
WHEREdepartment
department==“Development”
“Development”
CREATE
CREATEVIEW
VIEW Seattle-view
Seattle-view AS
AS
SELECT
SELECT buyer,
buyer,seller,
seller,product,
product,store
store
FROM
FROM Person,
Person,Purchase
Purchase
WHERE
WHERE Person.city
Person.city==“Seattle”
“Seattle” AND
AND
Person.name
Person.name==Purchase.buyer
Purchase.buyer
SELECT
SELECT name,
name,store
store
FROM
FROM Seattle-view,
Seattle-view,Product
Product
WHERE
WHERE Seattle-view.product
Seattle-view.product==Product.name
Product.name AND
AND
Product.category
Product.category==“shoes”
“shoes”
27
What Happens When We Query
a View ?
SELECT
SELECT name,
name,Seattle-view.store
Seattle-view.store
FROM
FROM Seattle-view,
Seattle-view,Product
Product
WHERE
WHERE Seattle-view.product
Seattle-view.product==Product.name
Product.name AND
AND
Product.category
Product.category==“shoes”
“shoes”
SELECT
SELECT name,
name,Purchase.store
Purchase.store
FROM
FROM Person,
Person,Purchase,
Purchase,Product
Product
WHERE
WHERE Person.city
Person.city==“Seattle”
“Seattle” AND
AND
Person.name
Person.name==Purchase.buyer
Purchase.buyer AND
AND
Purchase.poduct
Purchase.poduct==Product.name
Product.name AND
AND
Product.category
Product.category==“shoes”
“shoes” 28
Types of Views
• Virtual views:
– Used in databases
– Computed only on-demand – slow at runtime
– Always up to date
• Materialized views
– Used in data warehouses
– Precomputed offline – fast at runtime
– May have stale data
29
Updating Views
How can I insert a tuple into a table that doesn’t exist?
CREATE
CREATEVIEW
VIEW Developers
DevelopersASAS
SELECT
SELECTname,
name,project
project
FROM
FROM Employee
Employee
WHERE
WHEREdepartment
department==“Development”
“Development”
It becomes: INSERT
INSERTINTO
INTO Employee
Employee
VALUES(NULL,
VALUES(NULL,“Joe”,
“Joe”,NULL,
NULL,“Optimizer”,
“Optimizer”,NULL)
NULL)
30
Non-Updatable Views
CREATE
CREATEVIEW
VIEW Seattle-view
Seattle-view AS
AS
SELECT
SELECT seller,
seller,product,
product,store
store
FROM
FROM Person,
Person,Purchase
Purchase
WHERE
WHERE Person.city
Person.city==“Seattle”
“Seattle” AND
AND
Person.name
Person.name==Purchase.buyer
Purchase.buyer
We need to add “Joe” to Person first, but we don’t have all its attributes
31
Answering Queries Using Views
• What if we want to use a set of views to
answer a query.
• Why?
– The obvious reason…
– Answering queries over web data sources.
• Very cool stuff! (i.e., I did a lot of research
on this).
32
Reusing a Materialized View
• Suppose I have only the result of SeattleView:
SELECT buyer, seller, product, store
FROM Person, Purchase
WHERE Person.city = ‘Seattle’ AND
Person.per-name = Purchase.buyer
• and I want to answer the query
SELECT buyer, seller
FROM Person, Purchase
WHERE Person.city = ‘Seattle’ AND
Person.per-name = Purchase.buyer AND
Purchase.product=‘gizmo’.
Then, I can rewrite the query using the view.
33
Query Rewriting Using Views
Rewritten query:
SELECT buyer, seller
FROM SeattleView
WHERE product= ‘gizmo’
Original query:
SELECT buyer, seller
FROM Person, Purchase
WHERE Person.city = ‘Seattle’ AND
Person.per-name = Purchase.buyer AND
Purchase.product=‘gizmo’.
34
Another Example
• I still have only the result of SeattleView:
SELECT buyer, seller, product, store
FROM Person, Purchase
WHERE Person.city = ‘Seattle’ AND
Person.per-name = Purchase.buyer
• but I want to answer the query
SELECT buyer, seller
FROM Person, Purchase
WHERE Person.city = ‘Seattle’ AND
Person.per-name = Purchase.buyer AND
Person.Phone LIKE ‘206 543 %’.
35
And Now?
• I still have only the result of SeattleView:
SELECT buyer, seller, product, store
FROM Person, Purchase, Product
WHERE Person.city = ‘Seattle’ AND
Person.per-name = Purchase.buyer AND
Purchase.product = Product.name
• but I want to answer the query
SELECT buyer, seller
FROM Person, Purchase
WHERE Person.city = ‘Seattle’ AND
Person.per-name = Purchase.buyer.
36
And Now?
• I still have only the result of:
SELECT seller, buyer, Sum(Price)
FROM Purchase
WHERE Purchase.store = ‘The Bon’
Group By seller, buyer
• but I want to answer the query
SELECT seller, Sum(Price)
FROM Purchase
WHERE Person.store = ‘The Bon’
Group By seller
37
Finally…
• I still have only the result of:
SELECT seller, buyer, Count(*)
FROM Purchase
WHERE Purchase.store = ‘The Bon’
Group By seller, buyer
• but I want to answer the query
SELECT seller, Count(*)
FROM Purchase
WHERE Person.store = ‘The Bon’
Group By seller
38
The General Problem
• Given a set of views V1,…,Vn, and a query
Q, can we answer Q using only the answers to
V1,…,Vn?
• Why do we care?
– We can answer queries more efficiently.
– We can query data sources on the WWW in a
principled manner.
• Many, many papers on this problem.
• The best performing algorithm: The MiniCon
Algorithm, (Pottinger & (Ha)Levy, 2000). 39
Querying the WWW
• Assume a virtual schema of the WWW, e.g.,
– Course(number, university, title, prof, quarter)
• Every data source on the web contains the answer to
a view over the virtual schema:
UW database: SELECT number, title, prof
FROM Course
WHERE univ=‘UW’ AND quarter=‘2/02’
Stanford database: SELECT number, title, prof, quarter
FROM Course
WHERE univ=‘Stanford’
User query: find all professors who teach “database systems”
40