WORK OF GRUGS BY ORAL AND

TOPICAL
Name of Group :
1.
2.
1. Procedure for Giving
Medication in Nursing
A. The Importance Of Medicine In Nursing
Drugs are all chemicals, animal, vegetable, which in proper
dosage can cure, alleviate, and prevent disease / symptoms, which
are given to patients with certain purposes in accordance with the
use of the drug. Providing safe and accurate medicine is an
important responsibility for a nurse.
the six correct concept.
1. TRUE PATIENT
2. TRUE MEDICINE
3. TRUE DOSAGE
4. CORRECT WAY / ROUTE
5. TRUE TIME
6. CORRECT DOCUMENTATION
B. Standard drug reaction

1) Desired effect (therapeutic effect)

The therapeutic effect of the drug can indeed cure, but not all drugs
really cure the disease, many of which only negate or relieve symptoms.
Therefore, three types of treatment can be distinguished, namely:
• Causal therapy: here the drug works by eliminating the cause of the
disease, for example the destruction of germs, viruses or parasites.
• Symptomatic therapy: only the symptoms of the disease being
treated and relieved, the deeper causes are not affected, for example
damage to an organ or nerve.
• Substitution therapy: here the drug functions to replace substances
that are normally made by diseased organs. For example insulin in
diabetes, because the production by the pancreas is lacking or stops.
2) Unwanted effects (side effects)
• Side effects: are all undesirable properties for therapeutic
purposes intended at recommended doses, such as nausea in the
use of digoxin, drowsiness in the use of CTM.
• Idiosinkration: an event in which a drug gives a qualitatively
different effect from its normal effect. Generally this is caused by
genetic abnormalities in the patient concerned.
• Allergy: a reaction between the drug and the body that forms
antibodies so that a person becomes hypersensitivity to the drug.
• Photosensitivity: is excessive sensitivity to light due to the use
of drugs, especially locally.
3) Toxic effects (poisons)
Every drug in high doses can cause toxic effects. In general,
toxic reactions are directly related to the high dose: if the dose is
lowered, the toxic effect can be reduced.
C. Factors That Influence Drug Reactions
1. Drug Absorption
Drug absorption is the process of moving drugs from the source into the body
through the bloodstream, especially the topical type. This is influenced by the way
and pathway for administering drugs, the type of drug, the condition of the place,
food and the patient's condition.
2. Drug distribution into the body
After the drug is absorbed, then the drug is distributed into the blood through the
vascular and lymphatic system to the cell and into certain tissues. This process can
be affected by fluid balance, electrochemistry, and pathological conditions.
3. Drug Metabolism
After going through circulation, the drug will undergo a metabolic process. The drug
will participate in circulation into the tissue then, interact with cells and make
changes in chemicals to become more active.
4.Excretion of Time
After the drug has metabolized or resolved there will be residual substances that
cannot be used. The rest of this substance does not react and then passes through
the kidneys in the form of urine, from the interstinal in the form of feces and from
the lungs in the form of air.
.
D. Take care of the drug silence and intervention in nursing
a. Refuse drug administration
If the patient refuses to give the drug, the first nursing intervention that can be
done is to ask the reason the patient did this. Then, explain again to the patient
the reason for giving the drug. If the patient continues to treat, then you should
postpone treatment, report it to the doctor, and record it in the report.
b. Skin integrity is impaired
To overcome the problem of impaired skin integrity, postpone treatment, then
report it to the doctor and record it in the report.
c. Disorientation and confusion
Problems with disorientation and confusion can be overcome by nurses by delaying
treatment. If the patient is in doubt, report the doctor and record it in the report.
d. Swallowing Drugs
As a nurse who has a dependent role, if the patient swallows medicine, then it is
best to report the incident to the doctor, then the doctor who will intervene.
e. Skin Allergy
If there is a skin allergy to administering the drug to the patient, remove as much
treatment as possible, notify the doctor and record it in reporting.
E. Drug Calculation
1) Pediatric dose
Calculating the drug dosage of a child requires special attention.
In most cases the doctor calculates a safe dose for the child before
programming the drug. However, nurses must know the formula
used to calculate pediatric doses and recheck all doses before the
drug is given.
Most drug references list the normal range of pediatric drugs.
The most accurate method of calculating pediatric medicine is
based on the surface area of ​the body. Area of ​body surface is
estimated based on body weight. Standard nomograms or graphs
describe the surface area of ​the body based on body weight and
average age. The formula is the ratio of the surface area of ​the
child's body compared to the average body surface area of ​an adult
(1.7 square meters or 1.7 m²).
2) Concepts And Techniques For Oral And Tropical Drug
Administration

a. Giving Medication Through Oral

Oral administration is the most widely used method because it is
the easiest, cheapest, safest, and most convenient way for patients.
Various forms of medicine can be given in the form of tablets, syrups,
capsules or powderers.
b. Giving Medication Through Topical
1) On the skin
Obat yang biasa digunakan untuk pemberian obat topikal pada
kulit adalah obat dalam bentuk krim, lotion, lembaran atau salep. Ini
dilakukan dengan tujuan melakukan perawatan kulit atau luka, atau
mengurangi gejala gangguan kulit yang terjadi
2) Overcoming eye infections
Giving medication to the eye is done by dripping eye medication
or applying eye ointment. Examination preparation of the internal
structure of the eye is done by dilating the pupil, to measure the
refraction of the lens by weakening the lens muscle, then it can also
be used to eliminate eye irritation.
3) In the ear
Giving medicine to the ear is done by giving ear drops or
ointment. These ear drops are generally given to ear infections,
especially in the middle ear (external otitis) and can be antibiotic
drugs.
F. Things that need to be considered
a. Skin region to be given medication: The face, scrotum, axilla,
and skin of the hair tend to be more receptive to the drug than the
palm area, thus giving the drug to a more permeable area does not
need too much compared to the less permeable area.
b. Gradient concentration: By increasing the concentration
gradient, the absorption of the drug will be faster
c. Scheduling: Because of the long absorption system, the effect
of the drug can last for 1 day with continuous absorption slowly
d. Curriculum and occlusion: The topical medicic or drug dosage
form will greatly affect absorption of the skin, while occlusion such
as strengthening plaster and maintaining contact between the skin
and topical drugs can increase the efficacy of the drug.
2. BENEFITS AND LOSS OF
TOPIC DRUGS
A. BENEFITS
a. Stick to the mucosa firmly without irritation
b. Has high vikitas
c. Patients feel comfortable
d. Has low toxicity
e. Helps network permeability
B. LOSS
a. Topical administration to the skin is limited to certain drugs
b. The amount of drug absorbed depends on the surface area of ​the
skin
c. Drug strength penetrates the skin
3. TYPES - TYPES OF GIVING
TOPIC DRUGS
1. Giving topical medication to the skin
a. Understanding
Topical administration of drugs is to give the drug locally to the skin.
b. Purpose
The purpose of topical administration of the skin is to obtain local reactions from the drug
c. Preparation of tools
1) Topical medicine as ordered (cream, lotion, aerosol, powder, spray)
2) Medicine book
3) Sterile small gauze (as needed)
4) Gloves
5) Cotton swab or tongue spatel
6) Basin with warm water, washcloth, towel and wet soap
7) Bandage gauze, plastic cover and plaster (as needed)
d. Work procedures
1) Check the doctor's instructions to ascertain the name of the
medicine, work power and place of administration.
2) Wash hands
3) Arrange the equipment beside the client's bed
4) Close the curtains or door of the room
5) Identify clients appropriately
6) Position the client appropriately and comfortably, making sure to
only open the area to be given the drug
7) Inspection of skin conditions. Wash the affected area, remove all
debris and crust on the skin
8) Dry or leave the area dry by air
9) If the skin is too dry and hardened, use a topical agent
10) Use gloves if indicated
11) Apply a topical agent:
a) Cream, ointments and lotions containing oil
-Put one to two teaspoons of medicine in the palm of the hand then soften by gently rubbing
between the hands
-Apply evenly over the surface of the skin, do a longitudinal motion in the direction of the
growth of the feather.
- Explain to the client that the skin can feel oily after administration
b) Lotion contains suspension
-Shake the container firmly
Apply a small amount of lotion to a small dressing or pad
- Explain to the client that the area will feel cold and dry.
c) Powder
-Make sure that the surface of the skin is dry thoroughly
- Stretch well the folds of the skin like between the thumb or the bottom of the arm
- Apply thinly to the area in question
 d) Spray aerosols
-Shake the container hard
-Read the label for the recommended distance to hold the spray
away from the area (usually 15-30 cm)
-If the neck or upper part of the chest must be sprayed, ask the
client to turn his face away from the direction of the spray.
-Spray the medicine evenly on the affected part
12) Restore equipment that is still in use, dispose of equipment that
has not been used in the appropriate place.
13) Wash hands
2. Giving eye medication
a. Understanding
Giving medicine through the eye is giving medicine into the eye in the form of
liquid and ointment.
b. Purpose
1) To treat eye disorders
2) To dilate the pupil on examination of the internal structure of the eye
3) To weaken the eye lens muscle in the measurement of eye refraction
4) To prevent dryness in the eyes
c. Preparation of tools
1) The medicine bottle with sterile dropper or tube ointment (depending on the
type of drug preparation)
2) Medicine book
3) Sterile dry cotton balls (stuppers)
4) Sterile (normal saline) cotton balls
5) Wash basin with warm water
6) Eye patch (if necessary)
7) Gloves
d. Work procedures
1) Check the doctor's instructions to ascertain the name of the
medicine, work power and place of administration
2) Wash hands and use gloves
3) Identify clients appropriately
4) Describe the treatment procedure correctly
5) Arrange clients with supine position or sit with neck hyperectency
6) Wear gloves
7) With sterile wet cotton, clean the eyes of the eye from the inside
out
8) Ask the client to look at the ceiling :
3. Ear drops
a. Understanding
Giving medicine to the ear through an external canal, in liquid form.
b. Purpose
1) To provide local therapeutic effects (reduce inflammation, kill
infectious organisms in the external ear canal)
2) Relieve pain
3) To soften the serum to be easy to take
c. Preparation of tools
1) Bottle of medicine with sterile dropper
2) Medicine book
3) Cotton bud
4) Normal copy
5) Gloves
d. Work procedures
1) Re-check treatment, time, amount and dosage and on the ear where the
medicine should be given.
2) Prepare clients
3) Clean the ears and ear holes :
i.Use gloves if an infection is suspected
ii. Using a cotton bud moistened with liquid, clean the earlobe and auditory meatus
4) Warm the medicine with your hands or soak the medicine in warm water for a
short time
5) Pull the earlobe up and back (for adults and children over 3 years), pull the
ears down and back (baby)
6) Enter a number of drops of medication that are right along the side of the ear
canal
7) Apply gentle pressure several times to the ear tragus
8) Ask the client to stay on his side for 5 minutes.
9) Assess client response
 
4. Giving nose drops
a. Understanding
Giving drops through the nose
b. Purpose
1) To thin the secretions and facilitate drainage from the nose
2) Treating infections from the nasal cavity and sinuses
c. Preparation of tools
1) Bottle of medicine with sterile dropper
2) Medicine book
3) Gloves
d. Work procedures
1) Re-check treatment, time, amount and dosage and on the ear where the
medicine should be given.
2) Prepare clients
3) Clean the ear hole
4) Use gloves if an infection is suspected
5) Enter a number of drops of medication that are right in the middle of
the superior turbinate of the ethmoidal bone
6) Ask the client to stay in this position for 1 minute
7) Assess client response
Assess the character and amount of expenditure, inconvenience and so on.
Do it immediately after the drug is inserted and repeat when the drug effect is
working.
8) Trim equipment and dispose of equipment that is not used
9) Document all actions