ELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATI

Lesson
Outcome Identify the
Define the component of
organelles in
term of ananimal cell
organelles and plant cell

State the State the

functions of functions of
the cellular the cellular
components in components
ananimal cell in a plant cell
 All living things
are made up of
cells
Cells are the
smallest
working unit
All cells came
from
preexisting
cells through
cell division

3
CELL THEORY
Definition of cell

A cell is the smallest unit

that is capable of
performing life functions
 Components of a cell
Cellular component of a cell as seen via electron microscope are
• Plasma membrane and cell wall
• Cytoplasm
• Organelles

Cell surrounded by plasma membrane contain cytoplasm  jelly like substance

Plant cell  addition of cell wall

Cytoplasm contain many ORGANELLES

• Specialised structure which surrounded by its own membrane and perform specific function

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 Rough
Rough
endoplasmic
endoplasmic
Nucleus
Nucleus Vacuoles Ribosome
Ribosome
reticulum
reticulum

Smooth
enoplasmic Lysosomes
Lysosomes
reticulum Organelles in
animal
Mitochondria Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
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 Rough
Rough
endoplasmic
endoplasmic
Nucleus
Nucleus Vacuoles Ribosome
Ribosome
reticulum
reticulum

Smooth
enoplasmic Lysosomes
Lysosomes
reticulum Organelles in
plants
Mitochondria Chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
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 Structure of cellular component ER

CHLOROPLAST CYTOPLASM
CENTRIOLES

NUCLEUS
PLASMA
MEMBRANE
VACUOLES

NON-
LYSOSOME ORGANELLES ORGANELLES CELL
WALL

MITOCHONDRIA

GOLGI RIBOSOME
APPARATUS

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NUCLEUS

STRUCTURE
Spherical with double membrane
contain nucleolus,chromosome and
nuclear membrane
FUNCTION
• Control and regulate all activities on
cell
• Contain hereditary
factor(gene)responsible for trait
STRUCTURE
• Small particle consist of RNA
• Exist freely in cytoplasm or on the surface of
rough ER (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)

FUNCTION
• Synthesis of protein
 Rough and smooth ER

STRUCTURE
• System of membrane enclosed tubules closely
packed together and continuous with nuclear
membrane
• Rough ER has ribosome while smooth ER did not
have
FUNCTION
• Transport system for protein and lipid within the
cell
• Rough ER transport protein synthesis by
ribosome to other part of the cell
• Smooth ER stimulate the synthesis of lipid and
cholesterol and transport within cell
 Mitochondria

STRUCTURE
• Rod-shape with a double membrane
• Outer membrane is smooth and regular while
inner membrane is folded to form cristae
FUNCTION
• Known as the ‘power-house’ of the cell
• Releases energy as it the site for aerobic
respiration
 Golgi Apparatus
STRUCTURE
• Vacuolar region surrounded
by a complex meshwork of
vesicles budding off at its
end
FUNCTION
• Receive protein and lipid
from ER and modify them
to form
secretionenzyme/hormo
ne
• Pack the secretion formed
into vesicle and transport to
plasma membrane
• Control secretory activity
• Form lysosome
 Lysosomes
STRUCTURE
• Membrane bound vesicle found in animal
FUNCTION
• Contain enzyme which control breakdown of protein
and lipid
• Contain enzyme that digest aged or defective cell
component
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
• Disc-shape organelles with double membrane
• Consist arrangement of grana within stroma
• Each granum contain chlorophyll

FUNCTION
• Carry out photosynthesis
 Centrioles

STRUCTURE
• Consist of two cylindrical body structure
arranged at right angles to one another
• Only in animal cell

FUNCTION
• Formation of spindle fiber during cell division
 Vacuole
STRUCTURE
• Cavities filled with cell sap surrounded by a
semi-permeable membrane called tonoplast

FUNCTION
• Contain water,sugar and dissolve materials
• Maintain turgidity of cell in plant
NON ORGANELLE
PLASMA MEMBRANE

STRUCTURE
Thin,semi-permeable membrane

FUNCTION
Control the movement of substance in and out
of the cell
Cell Wall
STRUCTURE
Thick layer outside the plasma membrane
Made up of cellulose and fully permeable

FUNCTION
Maintain the shape of plant cell
Provide support
 Cytoplasm
STRUCTURE
• Jelly-like substance contain water and
mineral salt
• Contain organelles

FUNCTION
• Medium for metabolic reaction
 SIMILARITIES

Both have membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus,mitochondria,Golgi apparatus and ER

Differences

ANIMAL Criteria PLANT

smaller Size Larger

No fixed shape Shape Have fixed shape

No regular pattern Pattern Arrange in regular pattern

No vacuole Vacuole Large central vacuole

Absent Chloroplast Present and contain chlorophyll

No cell wall Cell wall Has cellulose cell wall

Glycogen granules Granules Starch granules

Relationship between the
density of organelles and
the function of cell
• No of specific organelles depend on~~type of cell and its function
• Activecell~~↑mitochondria to provide energy
• Eg:SPERM CELL~need to swim toward ovum
• FLIGHT MUSCLE CELL~to move their wing during flight
• CELL IN MERISTEMS(plantshootandroot)~active cell division to produce
new cell
• ↑chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
• MESOPHYLLCELL
• GUARDCELL
2.2 CELL ORGANIZATION
 The
the
feeding in
reproduction
unicellular
in unicellular
organism
organism

Understand
living process
in unicellular The
exchange of
organism
materials in
unicellular
organism

28
STUDENT SHOULD BE A
 CELL ORGANIZATION

Multicellular organism
• Larger organism with more than one cell
Unicellular organism
• Single cell organism

Organisms

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 Simple organism consist of one cell each

Unicellular
organism

Each cell or organism is complete unit of

lifeable to carry out all living processes

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Free living in Living processes of Constantly change
fresh water shape depend on
unicellular organism stimuli

Amoeba sp
Enclose in Also
plasma called
membrane protozoa
Movement of Amoeba

Move by extending temporary

pseusopodia or ‘falsefoot’ that
anchor the ground

The rest of cytoplasm flow slowly

into this extension,hence move
the organism along
Reproduction of Amoeba sp

Once grown to certain When environment not

size,the nucleus divided to conducive,divided by spore
form 2 daughter cell formation

Cytoplasm divided and 2

daughter cell formbinary
fission by asexually
Feeding of Amoeba sp
Engulf food via phagocytosis
Holozoic organism feed on microb
It move around food particle, and take it into cytoplasmfood
vacuole
Hydrolytic enzyme(lysozyme) are added and nutrient absorb into
cytoplasm
 Material exchange of Amoeba sp

Exchange of
gases,nutrient and Water diffuse into
waste occur via cellosmosis and
plasma fill contractile
membranediffusion vacuole

When fill
to max,it
contract to
expel its
content
 1. Each type of cell has different size,shape
and structure
2. Each cell not capable to perform all life
process CELL SPECIALISATION to
perform different function achieve via
Larger organismNeed many different DIFFERENTIATION cell begin CHANGE
shape and structure during grow
type of cell to carry out life process
3. Each type of cell perform only one specific
function DIVISIONOFLABOUR

Achieve via cell specialization

and cell organisation

Organism-more than

one cell

39 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
nisation in multicellular organ
Animal Organs
 Regulating the internal environment
State the meaning of internal
environment,external environment and
interstitial fluid
At the end of
the Idenntify factors affecting the internal
lesson,student environment
should be able
to Explain the necessity to maintain optimal
internal environment

Describe the involvement of various sytems

 Basic terms you should understand………….

EXTERNAL Condition outside

ENVIRONMENT organismsurrounding

Condition inside organism,cell

of body live within~(own
INTERNAL metabolism)
TERMS ENVIRONMENT

INTERSTITIAL FLUID space between the cell&constant

bath the cellexchange substance
with blood plasma
Maintaining optimal internal
environment
• External environment influence+internal environment+extracellular
fluid
• Need to maintain for cell to function optimallykeep internal
environment constang
Physical factor
• Blood
• Osmotic
pressure
• temperature

FACTORS Chemical factor

• Salt
• pH value
• Sugar content
HOMEOSTASIS
Process regulate factors in internal environment so that it always
constant
If any factor deviate from constant value,it trigger homeostasis
mechanism to bring it back to normal- NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
IMPORTANT OF HOMEOSTASIS:-
a)Change in pH or Temperature, effect enzyme activity
b)Change in osmotic
Involvement of various system in maintain optimal internal environment
 Various system interact to regulate and maintain internal environment
 Eg:(body Temp) by integumentary systems,nervous systems,muscular systems and endocrine systems .