Chemical composition of the cell

OUTCOME OF THE STUDIES

Explain the
importance of
State element in the cell
organic compounds
in the cell

List the
chemical
compounds in Explain the importance of
the cell water in the cell
2
 Chemical
composition of
the cell

Chemical
Elements
compounds

Essential Elements: Carbon Trace

(C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H)
and Nitrogen (N) Elements : Organic Inorganic
Calcium, Potassium,
Phophorus, Sulphur, Sodium, Copper, compound compound
Chlorine, Magnesium
Iodine, Iron
 Trace element
Major element Minor element
E (require in large quantity) (require in smaller quantity)
(require in the smallest
quantity)

L Carbon Calcium Zinc

E
Phosphorus Copper
M Hydrogen

E Oxygen Potassium Iron

N 4% of human
0.1% of
human body
Nitrogen body mass
T mass

96% of
S human body
mass
4
4
 Compounds

Organic compounds in cells Inorganic compounds in cells

Constitute non-living matter, and do not

Contains Carbon and Hydrogen contain carbon

Carbohydrate
Proteins Lipids Nucleic acid Water
s
 Formed by C,H and O Organic compound

Ratio C:H:0 is 1:2:1 Formula (CH2O)n

Source of energy Sub unit CH2O

TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES
• Glucose • Glycogen
• Fructose • Starch
• Galactose • Cellulose

Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

Disaccharides

• Maltose
• Sucrose
• Lactose
8
 Formation & breakdown of disaccharides

condensation
sucrose + H2O
glucose + fructose
hydrolysis
 Formation & breakdown of disaccharides

condensation
maltose + H2O
glucose + glucose
hydrolysis
 Formation & breakdown of disaccharides

condensation
lactose + H2O
glucose + galactose
hydrolysis
 Condensation reaction (-H2O)
glycogen

Hydrolysis (+ H2O)

disaccharide

Starch
Condensation reaction (-H2O) molecule
glucose

Hydrolysis (+ H2O)

Condensation reaction (-H2O)

cellulose

Hydrolysis (+ H2O)
 The importance of carbohydrates

Energy storage Support and structure

Glycogen & starch Cellulose cell wall & chitin

Ribose sugar in DNA & RNA

Energy production
glucose

14
Provide Immediate Fuel/energy so that cells can function
 Elements in protein
Carbon, hydrogen, 01 Basic unit: amino acids

oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur & phosphorus

04 02 Amino acids are

joined to each other
in a particular
There are two types of amino acids : sequence to form
• Essential – cell need because polypeptide chain
body cannot produce
• Non-essential – cell need but
body
16 can produce
03 or protein
Formation and breakdown of dipeptides

Peptide bond

condensation
H2O
+ +
hydrolysis

Amino Amino Dipeptide

acid acid
 Formation and breakdown of tripeptide

condensation
+ + + 2H2O
hydrolysis

Amino Amino Amino

acid acid acid tripeptide
Formation and breakdown of polyptide

condensation

A polypeptide chain
hydrolysis + 9H2O

* 10 to 100 amino acids

 Primary structure

Secondary structure

3D protein structure is
classified into 4 levels

Protein Structures Tertiary structure

Complete protein
molecule is a simple
unbranched chain of
amino acids
Quaternary structure
Essential amino acids & Non essential amino acids

Essential Non essential

Amino acid that required for Amino acid that is required for
protein synthesis, but cannot be protein synthesis and can be
synthesized in the human body synthesized by humans

Obtained from food we eat

 LIPIDS
• Compounds of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen. Some
Fats lipids contain nitrogen & phosphorus.
• Types of lipids are fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids
• Form the energy store of and steroids
the body • Triglycerides are basic units of fats and oils.
• Two types:
SATURATED FAT UNSATURATED
FAT 01 Glycerol & Fatty Acid

All single bond One or more • Glycerol – colourless,

double bond oudourless, sweet-tasting and
syrupy liquid
Less reactive More reactive

In solid at room
temp.
In liquid at room
temp. 03 02 • Fatty acid - has long hydrogen
tail with a carboxyl
group at one end
bad cholesterol Good cholesterol - have one or more
24 double bond
 Enzymes
Characteristics
1) Specific
Are protein molecules 2) Have active side
3) Speed up the rate of
made by living cells,
reactions
acting as catalysts 4) Are not destroy after the

01 02
reaction
5) Can be help by confactor
– ferum & copper
6) Required in small
amounts

Uses: Intracellular &

Extracellular Enzymes
• to tenderise meat
• Used in industry (detergent)
04 03  Intracellular – produced in the cell
 Extracellular – secreted out of the cell

• Enzyme action can be affected by the pH value

of solution, the temperature of the medium of
reaction, the concentration of the substrate
25
and the concentration of enzyme.
 WATER
Inorganic
compund
Importance of
water are
03
I. Give support in plants and
hydrostatic skeletons in
worms
II. Component of the Lorem Made up of
protoplasm Ipsum hydorgen &
III. Solvent for solutes in the
cells and blood plama
01 oxygen
IV. Medium for biochemical

V.
reaction
Maintains the osmotic
02
pressure in the tissue and
blood plasma
26