GEOLOGI STRUKTUR

 Arti, kegunaan, perkembangan geologi

struktur dan kaitannya dengan geologi.
 Prinsip2 mekanik, kinematika, dan
dinamika genesis geologi struktur dan
tektonik
 Deformasi plastis-Pelipatan, folds
 Deformasi brittle-fracture, joints,faults
 Analisis dan rekonstruksi elemen2
struktural dan tektonik
Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
Detailed structural analysis - with
particular emphasis on strain analysis is
the basis of structural geology. It is
predicated on the notion that most
structures contain in, or adjacent to
them, is the information necessary to
decipher them.
There are 3 fundamental parts to
DSA
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
• Descriptive Analysis: is the most
important and most fundamental
aspect of DSA. It consists of
identifying and accurately describing
the location, attitude/orientation, and
geometries of structures.
• This is generally done in the field,
although remote sensing is also used.
Concept of Detailed Structural Analysis
(DSA)
Concept of Detailed Structural Analysis
(DSA)
Concept of Detailed Structural Analysis
(DSA)
• Kinematics Analysis : this consists
of determining the direction and
magnitude (if possible) of the
motions that were responsible for
the deformation.
• It is concerned with basic motions -
translations, rotations, distortions,
and dilations
Concept of Detailed Structural Analysis
(DSA)
Concept of Detailed Structural Analysis
(DSA)
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
• Dynamic Analysis: is concerned with the
forces and stresses involved with
deformation.
• Generally the most interpretive aspect of
DSA, but is based on rock mechanics and
materials theory, and should ultimately be
based on natural observations.
• Often done by applying theory and/or
analog and/or numerical models.
Concept of Detailed Structural Analysis
(DSA)
Descriptive Analysis:
It’s the heart of structural geology. It focuses
on the exact details of geometry: 3D
spatial and angular relationships.
Angles between lines and planes - orientation
of a lines, and of the intesection between 2
planes - changes in lengths of lines…
This leads to the use of orthographic and
stereographic projection - so called ‘sick
fun’
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
Descriptive Analysis:
Should ideally be done free of interpretation
- w/out preconceived notions of what (we
think) should be there.
On the other hand, our experience, and our
knowledge of tectonics and structural
style will often guide or investigation...
Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
• Scale of observation is incredibly
important to descriptive analysis.
• Different features have different relative
importance depending on the scale of
observation.
It is important to match our observations to
the scale of the phenomena we are trying
to address.
Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
Structural Elements :
Every structure we encounter is composed of
structural elements, which must be
identified and described in order to carry
out descriptive analyisis.
There are 2 types:
1) Physical Elements: these are real and
tangible - like fold limbs or fault surfaces -
which have measurable geometries and
orientations.
2) Geometric Elements: are imaginary lines
and planes (that can also be measured)
Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
Structural Elements :
By careful observation of specific features
and by their systematic plotting
graphically, we can identify sets of
features that might have a common
orientation or appearance. A number
of sets of structures can define a
system of structures.
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
• Kinematic Analysis : takes off where
descriptive analysis leaves off.
• Kinematic analysis deals with the
recognition of changes in shape, angle,
area/volume, and location of materials
during deformation - specifically:
Translation : rigid-body motion from A to B;
Rotation : about a pole or series of poles;
Distortion : changes in angular
relationships, and;
Dilation : area/volume loss or gain during
Kinematic Analysis:
• The goal of kinematic analysis is to
determine the deformation path -
the series of translations, rotations,
distortions and dilations that take
the structure from its original to its
defortmed state.
• This is done at all scales - from
plate-tectonic motions, down to the
grain-scale in a thin section.
Strain Analysis is one
aspect of kinematic
analysis that focuses on
changes of shape and
size of deformed
objects.
Penetrative Deformation :
How we treat a specific area
kinematically often depends on
whether or not the deformation is
penetrative, at the scale of
observation.
For structures to be penetrative, they
must be closely spaced enough to
appear to be everywhere - clearly
this is a notion that is closely tied to
that of scale of observation
The notion of penetrative deformation is strongly scale
dependent
Slip and Flow : scale dependent
descriptions
The phenomena of flow, that is, the
continuous (no discontinuities) shearing of
material, may at a closer scale of
observation, in fact be accomodated upon
a series of (relatively) small slip surfaces
or faults.
This can be seen at the grain and sub-grain
scale in mylonitic rocks, and at the
outcrop scale in large mountian belts.
Modest systematic movements on relatively
close-spaced slip surfaces can produce
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
Dynamic Analysis : interprets the
forces, stresses and mechanics that
produce structures.
• A major goal is to determine the
magnitude and orientation of stresses
that produce structures, and the
mechanical response of the rockmass
to those stresses.
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
This is done using:
• Physical or analog models - where
physical models of natural processes
are made using either actual rock
materials, or rock analogs - clay,
gelatin, silly-putty, sand, butter, wax,
etc.
 Concept of Detailed Structural
Analysis (DSA)
This is also done using:
• Analytical theoretical modeling - a
mathematical exercise where a solution
is derived from mechanical theory.
• Numerical models - these are
‘computer models’, systems of
differential equations that are
numerically solved to simulate natural
phenomena.
Distinct-Element Models: Thrust Faults,
Normal Faults, and the Big One
Luther M. Strayer
Cal State University, Hayward
lstrayer@csuhayward.edu
Distinct-Element Particle
Model

Sand Model
 0% Seds

25% Seds

50% Seds

75% Seds

100% Seds
Detailed Structural
Analysis
The Famous Pizza
Model

San Manuel ore body