Odango, Galan,

Rentura, Olaivar, and Loma

©2016 All rights reserved
 The Human
Genome Project
INTRODUCTION

BY: JANREVE M. ODANGO

Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project

(HGP) was the international
collaborative research program
whose goal was the complete
mapping and understanding of
all the genes of human beings.
All our genes together are known
as “genome”.

The HGP was the natural

culmination of the history of
genetics research.

www.genome.gov/12011238/an-overview-of-the-human-genome-
project/
Contributors..

• National Institutes of Health (NIH)

• National Human Genome

Research Project (NHGRI)

• U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

The Human Genome Project (HGP)

is an international scientific research

project with the goal of determining the
sequence of chemical base pairs which
make up human DNA, and of
identifying and mapping all of the
genes of the human genome from both
a physical and functional standpoint.
 It remains the world's largest
collaborative biological project.
 The idea of the project was constructed on
1984, but it was launched in the United States
of America in 1990; and was finally completed in
2003.
 4 million dollars
1986

16 million
dollars 1987

3 billion dollars
1990
The project samples was taken in 270
individuals.

Sperm cells for MALE

Blood cells for FEMALE
 The project did not aim to sequence
all the DNA found in human cells. It
sequenced only "euchromatic" regions
of the genome, which make up about
90% of the genome. The other regions,
called "heterochromatic" are found in
centromeres and telomeres, and were
not sequenced under the project.
SANGER
METHOD HIERARCHICAL
SHOTGUN
SEQUENCING

COMPLETE
STRAND SHOTGUN
SEQUENCING
 Key findings of the draft (2001) and complete
(2004) genome sequences include:

• There are approximately 20,500 genes in human

beings, the same range as in mice.
• The human genome has significantly more
segmental duplications (nearly identical, repeated
sections of DNA) than had been previously
suspected.
• At the time when the draft sequence was
published fewer than 7% of protein families
appeared to be vertebrate specific.
 Applications
&
Proposed Benefits
- can help us understand diseases
including: genotyping of specific viruses to
direct appropriate treatment;

- identification of mutations linked to
different forms of cancer;

- the design of medication and more accurate

prediction of their effects;

- advancement in forensic applied sciences; 

- biofuels and other energy applications; 

- Agriculture
- animal Husbandry
- bioprocessing 
- Risk assessment; bioarcheology, 
anthropology and evolution.

- Another proposed benefit is the

commercial development
of genomics research related to DNA based
products, a multibillion-dollar industry.
 Advantages to fields
• Genetics/Genomics
• Biology
• Molecular Medicine
• Human Evolution/mutation
• Oncology
• Anthropology
• Many more…
 Other benefits

• Improved diagnosis
• of disease
• Earlier detection of genetic
predispositions to disease
• Rational drug design
• Gene therapy and control systems
for drugs
• Pharmacogenomics "custom drugs"
 Disadvantages of HGP
• It may lead to parents attempting to determine which
character their off spring shall inherit. This will lead to the
development of designer baby.

• This may restrict the human gene pool and interface with
natural selection and loss of diversity among the human
population.
• Misuse of genetic information may violate genetic
privacy Also health or life insurance policies may be
deemed to an individual on the basis of his genetic
information

• It can be misused for developing weapon of mass

destruction.

• It could also develop racial discrimination.

• The success of HGP may widen the gap between

developed and developing, as only the rich countries
alone would be able to enjoying the advance medical
treatment.
THE END
©Odango, Galan, Rentura,
Olaivar, and loma 2016