Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MENJELASKAN VIRUS
CORONA/
COVID-19 DENGAN BIJAK
DALAM KONTEK
PENDIDIKAN
1. Pendahuluan
2. Definisi COVID-19
3. Etiologi, patogenesis dan transmisi COVID-19
4. Gejala COVID-19
5. Faktor Risiko COVID-19
6. Diagnosis COVID-19
7. Pencegahan di Level Individu Rumah Tangga
8. Pencegahan di Komunitas
1. Pendahuluan
• Outbreak novel coronavirus SARSCoV‐2 (coronavirus disease 2019-
COVID-19), pada awalnya bulan Desember 2019, episentrum di
provinsi Hubei China dan kemudian menyebar ke seluruh dunia.
• Tanggal 30 Januari 2020, WHO Emergency Committee mendekla
-rasikan COVID-19 sebagai global health emergency .
• Tanggal 11 March 2020, WHO mendeklarasikan COVID‐19 sebagai
PANDEMI
CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) UPDATE NO. 21 / LAST UPDATED: 02 APRIL 2020
80 000
70 000
60 000
New daily
50 000
cases
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0 *
08
13
16
23
28
31
06
07
09
10
12
14
15
17
22
24
25
26
27
29
30
01
11
18
19
20
21
March April
AFRO AMRO EMRO EURO SEARO WPRO * There is no data from 22 March due to a change
in the WHO situation reporting period
CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) UPDATE NO. 21 / LAST UPDATED: 02 APRIL 2020
Epidemiological insights
• At diagnosis: approximately 80% of cases are mild/moderate; 15% severe; 5% critical
• approximately 15-20% of severe cases become critical
Disease progression: approximately 10-15% of mild/moderate cases become severe, and
• Average times:
- from exposure to symptom onset is 5-6 days after infection
- from symptoms to recovery for mild cases is 2 weeks
- from symptoms to recovery for severe cases is 3-6 weeks
- from symptoms onset to death is from 1 week (critical) to 2-8 weeks
• COVID-19 much less frequent in children than adults; and children tend to have milder disease
Mild
2 weeks
Severe
5-6 days 3 weeks 6 weeks
Jumlah kasus COVID-19 di dunia
03 April 2020
Jam 15.15 :
• 1.017.693
cases
- US :
245.573
- Italy :
115.242
- Spain :
112.065
• 212.072
Recovered
• 53.179 deaths.
Jumlah kasus COVID-19 di
Indonesia
SITUASI COVID-19 DI INDONESIA
SITUASI GLOBALper 03 APRIL
COVID-19 2020,
per 03 APRILJam 16.00 WIB
2020
6.777
Spesimen
Diterima
https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/
2. Definisi
3.1. ETIOLOGI :
Hewan Host
pembawa/ perantara:
natural Seperti:
host: the civet
Kelelawar, (musang
musang, luwak):
ular diduga
pada SARS
Virus masuk ke saluran napas atas bereplikasi di sel epitel saluran
napas atas menyebar ke saluran napas bawah. Pada infeksi akut terjadi
shedding virus dari saluran napas dan virus dapat di gastrointestinal
Respon imun innate dan spesifik
https://ewn.co.za/2020/01/23/nicd-has-measures-in-place-to-detect-coronavirus-in-sa
http://tuberculosisomg.blogspot.com/p/transmission.html
3.3. Transmisi/Penularan COVID-19
mencuci tangan
• Kontaminasi feses
sakit
4. Gejala klinis
Definisi SARI : Infeksi saluran napas akut dengan riwayat demam (suhu≥ 38 C) dan batuk; onset dalam 10 hari
terakhir dan perlu perawatan di RS. Tidak adanya demam tidak mengeksklusi infeksi virus
• Dari ke 41 pasien, secara demografik rata rata usia 49 tahun, tidak ada
anak yang terinfeksi, laki-laki 30 orang dan perempuan 11 orang
• Semua pasien datang hari ke-7 onset dengan sesak hari ke-8 dan
rata rata hari ke-10 ICU
• Sebaran komorbid terdapat 13 pasien, 8 orang diabetes, 6 pasien CHF,
dan 6 pasien hipertensi
Onset perjalanan gejala klinis
Masa inkubasi
menurut WHO
antara 2 sd 14
hari
Lama gejala
• Ringan : 2 minggu
• Berat-kritis: 3-6
mgg
5. Faktor risiko
• Populasi rentan
1. Usia lanjut (umumnya > 60 tahun)
2. Populasi dengan komorbid
• Perokok
• Penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah (termasuk hipertensi)
• Diabetes
• Penyakit paru kronik
• Gizi kurang
• Kanker
• Kondisi imunitas rendah...................... DLL
• Dapat mengenai usia produktif
• Anak-anak jarang
6. Diagnosis
Anamnesis
• Gejala klinis
• Riwayat perjalanan
• Riwayat kontak dengan penderita covid-19
• Riwayat bekerja/berkunjung di area/tempat ada kasus covid-
19
Pemeriksaan Fisis
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
• Hematologi : Darah perifer lengkap dengan diff count
• Radiologi (Foto toraks/CT scan toraks)
• Rapid Test
• Pemeriksaan RT-PCR
Gambaran foto toraks
Penunjang Diagnosis:
Pemeriksaan RT-PCR coronavirus SARS-COV-2
Dari bahan :
- Swab tenggorok (nasofaringeal swab)
- Sputum
- BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage)
Diagnosis laboratorium: Pengumpulan spesimen
Kultur darah
• kultur darah untuk bakteri, idealnya sebelum terapi antibiotik (jangan menunda terapi
antibiotik dengan menunggu kultur darah)
Serologi
• hanya jika RT-PCR tidak tersedia.
• Common symptoms of COVID-19 disease are dry cough, fever and fatigue. People with mild
symptoms may think they have another infection such as a common cold. Additional symptoms
such as loss of smell, loss of taste and red eyes have been reported in some COVID-19 patients
• Studies show that the viral load in COVID-19 patients is highest at symptom onset, or shortly
afterwards. It is possible that patients could be infectious immediately before symptom onset ; 1,2
however the extent of transmission in the presymptomatic phase is not yet known
37°
• away.
COVID-19 spreads through respiratory droplets that can land on people who are less than 1 m
People with respiratory symptoms such as a cough, are more likely to transmit the
disease than presymptomatic people
REFERENCES
1 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.20030502v1
2 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30232-2/fulltext
DEFINISI OPERASIONAL (2)
Pasien remaja atau dewasa dengan demam atau dalam pengawasan infeksi
saluran
napas, ditambah satu dari: frekuensi napas >30 x/menit, distress
pernapasan berat,
atau saturasi oksigen (SpO2) <90% pada udara kamar.
Kasus konfirmasi
• Seseorang terinfeksi COVID-19 dengan hasil
pemeriksaan laboratorium positif.
Ringkasan Deteksi dan Respon Berdasarkan Kriteria
Kasus
/
Alur tes COVID
Bukan
Negati COVID-
Ulang f 19
Negati Rapid test
f 10 hari Positi
kemudian f
OTG/ODP/ Rapi
d
Bukan
PDP test
Periksa Negati COVID-
PCR 2x f 19
Positi dalam 2
f
hari Positi
Kasus
berturut2 f
konfirmas
i
PLASTIC WOOD
5DAYS 4DAYS
• Surface disinfections with 0.1%
hypochlorite (diluted bleach) or 62-
sodium
71%ethanol is effective within 1 minute
STAINLESSSTEEL
• COVID-19 was NOT included in this study
but to date, there is no indication that
GLASS SARS-CoV-2 behaves differently to other
48HOURS 4DAYS
coronaviruses
SURGICAL PAPER/
CARDBOA
GLOVES RD
4-5DAYS 24HOURS
Source: J.Hosp.Infect. 2020.01
Pencegahan COVID19 di Tempat
Umum
CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) UPDATE NO. 21 / LAST UPDATED: 02 APRIL 2020
• Children and adults should follow the same guidance on self-isolation if there is a risk they
have been exposed or are showing symptoms. It is particularly important that children
avoid contact with older people and others who are at risk of more severe disease.
REFERENCES
1. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.20028423v3
2. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1473-3099%2820%2930198-5
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