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Financial Leverage and Capital Structure Policy: Chapter Organization
Financial Leverage and Capital Structure Policy: Chapter Organization
1 Chapter Outline
Chapter 16
Financial Leverage and Capital Structure Policy
Chapter Organization
16.1 The Capital Structure Question
16.2 The Effect of Financial Leverage
16.3 Capital Structure and the Cost of Equity Capital
16.4 M&M Propositions I and II with Corporate Taxes
16.5 Bankruptcy Costs
16.6 Optimal Capital Structure
16.7 The Pie Again
16.8 Observed Capital Structures
16.9 Long-term Financing under Financial Distress and
Bankruptcy
16.10 Summary and Conclusions CLICK MOUSE OR HIT
SPACEBAR TO ADVANCE
Key issues:
What is the relationship between capital structure and firm value?
Measuring Capital Structure - Leverage and the
Debt/Equity ratio
What is the optimal capital structure?
Preliminaries:
Capital restructurings
Optimal capital structure: firm value vs. stock value
Optimal capital structure: firm value vs. WACC
Ignoring taxes:
A. With no debt:
EPS = EBIT/500,000
Ignoring taxes:
A. With no debt:
EPS = EBIT/500,000
So EPSBE = $1.00/share
EPS ($)
3 D/E = 1
2.5
2
D/E = 0
1.5
0.5
– 0.5
–1 EBIT ($ millions, no
taxes)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
With Debt
4
3
No Debt
2
Advantage to debt
1
EPS
0
- 400,000 800,000 1,200,000
EBIT 1,600,000
-1
Disadvantage to debt
-2
-3
EPS of
unlevered firm $0.60 $1.30 $1.60
Earnings for
100 shares $60.00 $130.00 $160.00
less interest on
$500 at 10% $50.00 $50.00 $50.00
EPS of
levered firm $0.20 $1.60 $2.20
Earnings for
25 shares $5.00 $40.00 $55.00
plus interest on
$250 at 10% $25.00 $25.00 $25.00
Cost of capital
RE = RA + (RA – RD ) x (D/E)
WACC = RA
RD
Consider Proposition II: All else equal, a higher debt-equity ratio will
increase the required return on equity, RE.
In other words, debt increases systematic risk (and moves the firm
along the SML).
Key result: VL = V U + T C D
VL=VU+TCXD
=TC
TD X D
With taxes:
With taxes:
RE
RU
WACC
RD (1 – TC)
Rdx(1-TC) Rdx(1-TC)
=8%x(1-.30)
=5.6%
where RA is the WACC, RD is the cost of debt, and D/E is the debt/equity ratio.
C. Implications of Proposition II
1. The cost of equity rises as the firm increases its use of debt financing.
2. The risk of equity depends on the risk of firm operations and on the degree of
financial leverage.
B. Implications of Proposition I:
1. Debt financing is highly advantageous, and, in the extreme, a firm’s
optimal capital structure is 100 percent debt.
2. A firm’s WACC decreases as the firm relies more heavily on debt
financing.
The good news: interest payments are deductible and create a “debt tax
shield” (i.e., TCD).
The bad news: all else equal, borrowing more money increases the
probability (and, therefore, the expected value) of direct and indirect
bankruptcy costs.
The theory that a firm borrows up to the point where the tax benefit from
an extra dollar of debt is exactly equal to the cost that comes from the
increased probability of financial distress.
VL=VU+TCXD
Rdx(1-TC)
What happens
Varies depending on the severity of the distress and the recourse
that debt-holders have negotiated
Liquidation versus Reorganization of assets
Relaxing covenant restrictions when the firm is in financial distress.
Probit, Inc. has no debt outstanding and a total market value of $80,000.
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) are projected to be $4,000 if
economic conditions are normal. If there is strong expansion in the economy,
then EBIT will be 30% higher. If there is a recession, then EBIT will be 60%
lower.
a. Calculate earnings per share, EPS, under each of the three economic
scenarios before any debt is issued. Also calculate the percentage changes in
EPS when the economy expands or enters a recession.
b. Repeat part (a) assuming that Probit goes through with the
recapitalization. What do you observe?
Interest: 0 0 0
Taxes: 0 0 0
Interest: 0 0 0
Taxes: 0 0 0
EBIT: $1,600$4,000$5,200
Interest: 1,750 1,750 1,750
Taxes: 00 0
NI: -$150$2,250$3,450
EPS: -$0.13$2.00 $3.07
EPS: -106.50%--- +53.50%
EBIT = $4.545M