Chapter 2

LAN Devices
INTERNETWORKING DEVICES
 Repeaters
 Bridges
 Routers / Gateways
 Concentrators
 Hubs
 Ether Switches
REPEATER

 To interconnect segments

 To overcome segment length

limitations / Restrictions

 To Amplify / Regenerate Signal

REPEATER

 Active Device used to extend the segment length

 Amplification & Regeneration of signal so that
signal can be transmitted over long distances
 Forms single collision & broadcast domain
 REPEATER
10 Base5 10 Base5
T T T T
Upto 100 taps Upto 100 taps
Hub

• Device that serves as the center of

a star topology network,
sometimes referred to as a
multiport repeater, or in Ethernet, a
concentrator; no forwarding
intelligence
 HUBS
 Common wiring point for star
topology networks
 Common synonym for Concentrator
 Active and Passive Hubs in Arcnet
 Twisted Pair Hubs in 10 Base T
 Manageable / Non manageable
 Intelligent / Modular Hubs
 Stackable / Cascade
 Hubs

HUB

 Amplifies signals
 Propagates signals through the network
 Does not filter data packets based on destination
 No path determination or switching
 Used as network concentration point
Bridge
• Device that connects and passes
packets between two network
segments.
• More intelligent than hub—analyzes
incoming packets and forwards (or
filters) them based on addressing
information.
BRIDGE
 Filters Traffic
 Improves Overall Thro’put
 Data link layer device
 Transparent … unaffected by diff
in protocol
 No configuration required, learns
NW by itself
 Bridge Example

Bridge

Hub Hub

Segment 1 Segment 2

 More intelligent than a hub—can analyze incoming packets and forward

(or filter) them based on addressing information
 Collects and passes packets between two network segments
 Maintains address tables
 Different types of bridges: transparent and source route (used primarily in
Token Ring LANs)
Switches

 Use bridging technology to

forward traffic between ports.
 Provide full dedicated data transmission
rate between two stations that are directly
connected to the switch ports.
 Build and maintain address
tables called content-addressable memory
(CAM).
Switching—“Dedicated” Media
Workstation
10-Mbps
UTP Cable
“Dedicated”
Switch

100 Mbps

 Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e.

maintains address tables, and can filter)
 Provides full dedicated transmission rate between
stations that are connected to switch ports
 Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking
 All types available—Ethernet, Token Ring, ATM
SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY

 Like bridges, only faster


Segments LAN into smaller collision domains

Protocol transparent

Simplifies adds, moves and changes

High aggregate bandwidth

Performance delivered over more ports for a
lower cost/port
SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY
CONTD.
 Operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model

Learns location of devices based on source MAC
address

Forwarding based on destination MAC address
 Special-purpose device

LAN segmentation to provide additional bandwidth

Expected to forward large amounts of traffic

High throughput with low latency
Routers

 Interconnect
Interconnect LANs
LANs and
and WANs
WANs
 Provide
Provide path
path determination
determination using
using
metrics
metrics
 Forward
Forward packets
packets from
from oneone
network
network to
to another
another
 Control
Control broadcasts
broadcasts to to the
the network
network
Routing Technology

 Operates at Layer 3 of the OSI model


Required to distinguish among different
network layer protocols

Protocol knowledge allows more intelligent
forwarding decisions
 Designed to flexibly address a number of
different applications

Limit broadcast traffic

Firewall security
Routing Technology contd.


Redundant active paths

WAN access
 Two basic functions

Maintain a routing table for each network layer
protocol

Forward each frame based on network layer
address
MODEM
 MODULATION
 Changing of one or more of the parameters of
a waveform (sine) (carrier) as per the message
 MODEM
 which interfaces digital data into a format which
makes it possible to transmit over
unconditioned telephone lines
 Input can be sync or async
 output can be 2 wire or 4 wire
MODEM FEATURES
 LEASED LINE / DIAL UP
 2 WIRE / 4 WIRE
 SPEED OF A MODEM
 ORIGINATE/ANSWER
 STANDALONE PC CONNECTED
COMPONENTS OF MODEM
 POWER SUPPLY (STAND ALONE)
 MICROPROCESSOR AND MEMORY
 RS 232 INTERFACE
 TELEPHONE LINE DRIVER
 MODEM
End of Chapter 2

Questions