Wireless communications

The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands are radio
bands (portions of the radio spectrum) reserved internationally for the
use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical
purposes other than communications

1
Wireless communications

λ=c/f

The condition for resonance in a linear monopole antenna it is a

multiple of a quarter-wavelength, λ/4

MHz cm
433 69
866 35
2450 12

2
Wireless communications

3
Wireless communications

Free space loss = 32.4 + 20xLog F(MHz) + 20xLog R(Km)

2450MHz-> 10m-> 60dBm (-)

D->2*D -> 6dBm

Receiver sensitivity i.e. -92dBm

Antenna gain

4
WIFI

WIFI
is mainly focus in offering very high baud rates, without
optimizing power consumption

Data Rate - Maximum 54Mbps

Modulation or Protocol 802.11 b/g
Applications WLAN
Power - Output 15dBm
Sensitivity -88dBm
Voltage - Supply 3.3V
Current - Receiving 253mA
Current - Transmitting 252mA

5
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
1 Mbit data rate in a master slave. Standardized by
IEEE802.15.1
Low power modes (250uA deep sleep)
Frequency 2.4GHz

Data Rate - Maximum 3Mbps

Modulation or Bluetooth v2.1+EDR,

Protocol Class 2 & 3

Applications General Purpose

2- (-80) =82
Power - Output 2dBm

Sensitivity -80dBm 10m ---- 60dBm

20m -----66dBm
Voltage - Supply 3 V ~ 3.6 V 40m------72
80m ------78
Current - Receiving 25mA
160m-------84 NO
Current - Transmitting 25mA 6
 802.15.4 (zigbee)
Baud rate reaches
115Kbits/second.
Standardized by
IEEE802.15.4.
(2005)
Sleep current<10uA

Peer-to-peer

7
Zigbee

8
Channels

9
Xbee 802.15.4

10
 Xbee 802.15.4

Transparent Operation

Serial-to-RF Packetization

1. No serial characters are received for the amount of time determined by the RO
(Packetization Timeout) parameter. If RO = 0, packetization begins when a
character is received.
2. The maximum number of characters that will fit in an RF packet (100) is received.
3. The Command Mode Sequence (GT + CC + GT) is received. Any character buffered
in the DI buffer before the sequence is transmitted.

11
 AT commands

Default AT Command Mode Sequence (for transition to Command Mode):

• No characters sent for one second [GT (Guard Times) parameter = 0x3E8]
• Input three plus characters (“+++”) within one second [CC (Command Sequence
Character) parameter = 0x2B.]
• No characters sent for one second [GT (Guard Times) parameter = 0x3E8]

12
AT commands

13
API

14
API

TX (Transmit) Request: 16-bit address

15
API

RX (Receive) Packet: 16-bit Address

16
API

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