What is entropy?

– Entropy is the measure of the "probability" of a

given macrostate, or, essentially the same thing,
the number of microstates possible for the given
macrostate.

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 Distribution law
• The total energy in an assembly of molecules
is not distributed equally but is distributed
around an average value according to a
statistical distribution.

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DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, MEAN
, VALUE AND DEVIATION

• Take P(M) = distribution function, normalizing the function,

•  P(M) = 1
Average number of head per trial is
M   P()
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Same way we can also calculate M
M 2   M 2  P( M )
• Average deviation from mean value

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M P(M)
0 0.3349
1 0.40188
2 0.20094
3 0.05358
4 0.00804
5 0.00064
6 0.00002

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 Distribution of states
The number of particles occupied in a microscopic quantum state is
called the number of distribution of states.

One distribution D of energy levels has a certain number of

microstates WD, the sum of all WD is the total number of
microstates  of a system. That is.

   WD
D

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• Three distinguishable particles labeled A, B, and C,
are distributed among four energy levels, 0, E, 2E,
and 3E. The total energy is 3E.
– Total energy of the system = 3
– No. of particles = 3
– No. of energy levels = 4
• Calculate the probability of distributing these
particles in above mentioned energy levels so that
the total energy of the system should not increase
above 4 units.
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The number of particles and their total energy must
satisfy(law of conservation of energy)
# particles on # Particles on # particles on # particles on
Level 0 Level 1 E Level 2E Level 3E

Distribution 1 2 0 0 1

Distribution 2 1 1 1 0

Distribution 3 0 3 0 0

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Configurations for case 1
Level 0 Level 1E Level 2E Level 3E

A, B C

A, C B

B, C A

Thermodynamic probability for case 1 is 3

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Configurations for case 2
Level 0 Level 1E Level 2E Level 3E
A B C
A C B
B A C
B C A
C A B
C B A

Configuration for case 3

Level 0 Level 1E Level 2E Level 3E

A, B and C

Therefore, W1 = 3, W2 = 6, and W3 = 1
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Solution: The number of particles and their total
energy must satisfy
# particles on # Particles on # particles on # particles on
Level 0 Level 1 E Level 2E Level 3E

Distribution 1 3 0 0 1

Distribution 2 2 1 1 0

Distribution 3 1 3 0 0

Therefore, W1 = 4, W2 = 12, and W3 = 4

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• Example: Four distinguishable particles
labeled A, B, C, and D are distributed among
four energy levels, 0, E, 2E, and 3E. The total
energy is 3E.
– Total energy of the system = 3
– No. of particles = 4
– No. of energy levels = 4

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 Conclusion
• As no. of particle increases, the most probable
microstate of the system becomes more
probable than all of the other microstate
combined.

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