Energy Resources

Renewable - Non renewable energy resources-

Advantages and disadvantages - Oil, Natural gas, Coal,
Nuclear energy.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Solar energy, Hydroelectric power, Ocean thermal
energy, Wind and geothermal energy.
Energy from biomass, solar - Hydrogen revolution.
 Energy Resources

Non renewable energy resources - oil, Natural gas,

Coal, Nuclear energy.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy. Solar
energy, Hydroelectric power, Ocean thermal energy,
Wind and geothermal energy.
Energy from biomass, solar-Hydrogen revolution.
Renewable and Non-renewable energy resources-
Advantages and disadvantages, oil, Natural gas, Coal,
Nuclear energy: Source, composition, feasibility.
Energy efficiency: Definition, Importance, comparison
(refer Tyler Miller)
Renewable energy: Solar energy (PV cell/ solar cell,
Solar heat conversion, Applications of Solar cell,
Hydroelectric power- Method, Advantages &
Disadvantages.
Ocean thermal energy: Closed and open Thermal energy
conversion, Advantages,& Disadvantages, Wind- Method,
Advantages and Disadvantages and geothermal energy:
method, Advantages & Disadvantages.
Energy from biomass- direct burning, biogas (Production
methods-Types of biogas plant) and biofuel (Ethanol,
methanol, gasohol), solar-Hydrogen revolution:
 Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable Resources:
• Eg. Solar energy, Wind energy, Biomass energy, Geo-
thermal energy.
• They are also known as non-conventional sources of
energy.
Non-Renewable Resources
Eg. Coal, Petroleum and natural gas.
 What type of energy do we use?

About 99 % of the
energy that heats the
earth and our homes
comes from the sun and
the remaining 1 % comes
mostly from fossil fuels.
(old solar energy)

Without sun -240 0C

Commercial Energy Use By Source 2002
Global Energy Consumption by source
 What is Net Energy?

NET ENERGY is the amount

of high-quality usable
energy available from a
resource after subtracting
out what is needed to make
it usable.
• Second law of
thermodynamics: some
energy will be wasted and
degraded.
 Oil - Key Ideas
• What is crude oil? How does crude oil turn
into usable products?
• Where does oil come from? Who has oil?
• How is oil used?
• What are problems associated with oil usage?
• How much longer will we have oil?
 What is crude oil?
Petroleum or crude oil is a
thick, gooey liquid
consisting of many
combustible hydrocarbons.
• Formed over millions of
year from decaying
organic materials buried
under the seafloor and
subjected to extreme
temperatures and
pressure.
• Crude oil and natural gas often found together in
deep deposits in pores and cracks.
• Found using sophisticated equipment.
• Usually only 30-35% is extractable
• Higher prices mean more can be extracted.
Oil supplies about one-third of the world’s commercial
energy.

Petroleum or crude oil (oil as it comes out of the

ground), is a black, gooey liquid consisting of hundreds
of different combustible hydrocarbons along with small
amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.

It is also known as light oil. Crude oil and natural gas

are called fossil fuels because they were formed from
the decaying remains (fossils) of organisms that lived
100–500 million years ago.

Deposits of crude oil and natural gas often are trapped

together under a dome deep within the earth’s crust on
land or under the seafloor.
The crude oil is dispersed in pores and cracks in
underground rock formations.

To extract the oil - drill a well into the deposit. Oil

drawn by gravity out of the rock pores - flows into
the bottom of the well and is pumped to the surface.
Transportation
How crude oil is transported:
• Pipelines
• Trucks
• Oil Tankers
Refining crude oil.
Based upon their
boiling points,
components are
removed in giant
distillation
column.
OPEC – TheOrganization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries – have 78 % of the world’s
proven oil reserves

Global Oil Consumption

 Conventional Oil: Advantages
 Relatively low cost
 High net energy yield
 Efficient distribution system

Disadvantages
 Running out
 Low prices encourage waste
 Air pollution and Greenhouse gases
 Water pollution
World Politics and Trade Imbalances
 Conventional Oil

Disadvantages
Advantages
CO2 Emissions Per Unit of Energy
Natural Gas Key Ideas
 What is natural gas?
Mainly methane CH4

Also
• Ethane C2H6
• Propane C3H8
• Butane C4H10

Formed like oil from

buried animals and
plants millions of years
ago.
 Where is it found?
Deposits usually found above oil deposits.
In past it was seen as unwanted waste and burnt off.
Natural gas is a mixture of gases of which 50–90%
is methane (CH4). It also contains smaller amounts
of heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as propane
(C3H8) and butane (C4H10), and small amounts of
highly toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
It is a versatile fuel with a high net energy yield
that can be burned to heat space and water, to
produce electricity, and to propel vehicles.
Conventional natural gas lies above most reservoirs
of crude oil. But that found in deep-sea and remote
land areas where natural gas pipelines have not been
built is usually burned off because it costs too much
to build pipelines to distribute it.
When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane
gases are liquefied under high pressure and removed as
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). LPG is stored in
pressurized tanks for use mostly in rural areas not
served by natural gas pipelines. The rest of the gas
(mostly methane) is purified and pumped into pressurized
pipelines for distribution across land areas.

Natural gas can be converted to liquefied natural gas

(LNG) at a high pressure and at the very low temperature
of about –162 ºC (–260 ºF). This highly flammable liquid
can be transported overseas in refrigerated tanker ships.
After arriving at its destination, it is heated and
converted back to the gaseous state to be distributed by
pipeline.
 How is it used?

• 53% for heat production

• 16% for electricity
• Hot water heaters
• In vehicles
 Advantages of Gas

• Cleaner burning than

coal or oil.
• Emits far fewer CO2
per energy units.
• More efficient
energy producer and
plants are cheaper to
build.
 What is LNG?
• At low temperatures
natural gas can be
shipped around the
world as liquid natural
gas.

• Requires very low

temperatures and
building special
infrastructure.
 Conventional Natural gas

Disadvantages
Advantages
 Coal Key Ideas
• History of coal use.
• What is coal? How is it
extracted from the
ground?
• How is coal used? How
long will it last?
• What are advantages
and disadvantages of
using coal?
 What is coal?

Coal is a solid fuel formed

in several stages from
remains of buried plants
and animals.

Consists mostly of carbon

and trace amounts of
sulfur, mercury and
radioactive materials.
 What is coal?
 Anthracite is the most
desirable form of coal
(98% carbon)

 Takes longer to form

 More expensive.
Coal Formation and Types
 How is coal extracted?
Surface Mining:
• Area Strip Mining
• Contour Strip Mining
• Mountaintop Removal
Underground Mining
 Coal Advantages

• Most abundant fossil

fuel.
• High “Net Energy”
• Relatively inexpensive.
• U.S. has plenty of it
for a while.
• Power Plants relatively
cheap to build.
Coal Disadvantages

• High environmental
impact (air, water,
land, acid rain)
• Global Warming,
high CO2 emissions
• Toxic Mercury and
radioactivity
• Dangerous to mine
 Disadvantages
Coal
Advantages
 Nuclear Energy
Energy is released when the nucleus of an unstable
atom breaks up or a radioactive substance emits
radiation

Types of nuclear reactions

1. Nuclear fusion

2. Nuclear fission
 Nuclear Energy
Nuclear fission

41
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion

44
Nuclear Power Plant
 Nuclear Power Plant in India

1. There are four nuclear power stations with an

installed capacity of 2005 MW

2. Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rana Pratap Sagar

(Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamilnadu), And
Narora (U.P)
 Advantages of Nuclear Power

• Large Fuel Supply

• Little Air Pollution and
CO2 emissions
• Moderate to low water
and land environmental
impact
• Low risk of accidents
(multiple safety levels –
except in old Soviet
reactors)
Disadvantages of Nuclear Power

• High cost of building

and operating plants
• Possibility of
catastrophic accidents
• No long-term solutions
for waste
• Spreads knowledge of
nuclear weapon
technology
• Terrorist Attacks
 Conventional Nuclear power

Disadvantages
Advantages
Chernobyl: The World’s Worst Nuclear
Power Plant Accident
Chernobyl is known around the globe as the site of the
world’s most serious nuclear power plant accident.

On April 26, 1986, two simultaneous explosions in one of

the four operating reactors in this nuclear power plant in
Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union) blew the massive
roof off the reactor building. The reactor partially
melted down and its graphite components caught fire and
burned for 10 days.

The initial explosion and the prolonged fires released a

radioactive cloud that spread over much of Belarus,
Russia, Ukraine and Europe and it eventually encircled the
planet.
According to UN studies, the Chernobyl disaster was
caused by a poor reactor design (not the type used in the
United States or in most other parts of the world) and by
human error and it had serious consequences. By 2005,
some 56 people had died prematurely from exposure to
radiation released by the accident.

The number of long-term premature deaths from the

accident, primarily from exposure to radiation, range
from 9,000 by World Health Organization estimates, to
212,000 as estimated by the Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, to nearly 1 million according to a 2010 study by
Alexey Yablokov and two other Russian scientists,
published by the New York Academy of Sciences.
 Renewable resources

Solar energy: The energy received by the near earth

space 1.4 KJ/Sec/m2 known as solar constant.

Traditionally, solar energy is used for

• Drying of clothes
• Food grains
• Preservation of food
• Salt – sea water
• Solar devices
 Solar Heat Collectors
Natural materials like bricks, stones, etc, absorb
heat during the day time and release at night time.

Active solar collectors or concentrators are place at

the top of the building.
 Solar cells or photovoltaic cells

Made of silicon and

gallium. When solar
radiations fall on them, a
potential difference is
produced which causes
the flow of electrons and
produce electricity
 Solar cooker
Disadvantages
• Food is cooked by the • Cannot use during rainy
reflection of solar seasons or at night.
radiations using a mirror • Takes longer time to
directly on the sheet, cook
which covers the black
insulated box
 Solar water Heator

• It consists of an insulated box – black in color and have

glass lid to receive and store the solar heat.
• Inside the box – copper coil painted with black color.
• Used in hospitals and hotels.
 Solar Furnace

Small plane mirrors are arranged in concave reflectors,

produces upto 3000 oC
 Solar Power Plant
 Large scale
 Steam turbine drives a generator to produce electricity
 Solar power plant at Gurgaon, Haryana
Wind Energy
Energy recovered from the force of the wind is
called ‘wind energy’
Devices that use wind are
1. Windmill
2. Wind farms
• A large number of wind mills are installed in
clusters called wind farms
• Ideal locations are coastal regions, open grasslands,
mountain passes where the winds are strong and
steady
• The minimum wind speed required for satisfactory
working of wind mill is 15 km/hr.
• Wind potential of our country is about 20,000 MW,
we are generating about 1020 MW.
• The largest wind farm of our country is near
Kanyakumari in Tamilnadu generating 380 MW of
electricity
Hydropower
 Tide Energy

At high tide, water flows from sea into reservoir and turns the turbine
During high tide, when the level of water in the sea is
high, sea-water flows into the reservoir of the barrage
and turns the turbines. The turbines then turn the
generator shaft to produce electricity
 At low tide, stored water flows out from reservoir into sea and
turns turbine
During low tide, the sea-water stored in the barrage
reservoir is allowed to flow out into the sea. This
flowing water also turns the turbines and generates
electricity.
 Geothermal Energy

The trapped superheated water below the earth's

surface is used to generate energy. Two pipes are sunk
into the earth. Through one cold water is filled which is
then converted to steam and comes out through the
other pipe as super heated steam and is used to rotate
the turbines to generate electricity.
 Ocean Thermal Energy (OTE)

• The energy available due to the difference in temperature

of water at the surface of the tropical oceans and at the
deeper levels is called ocean thermal energy
• A difference of 20 °C or more is required
• The warm surface water is used to boil liquid like ammonia
• The colder water from the deep oceans is pumped to cool
and condense the vapors into liquid.
• Run 24h
 Biomass Energy
• Biomass is the organic matter produced by the
plants or animals which includes wood, crop
residues, cattle dung, sewage, agricultural wastes
• Energy plantation
— Solar energy is trapped by green plants through
photosynthesis and converted into biomass
energy
— Fast growing trees like cottonwood, crop plants
like sugarcane are some of the important energy
plantation
• Petro-crops
– Certain latex-containing plants like euphorbias
and oil palms are rich in hydrocarbons can yield
an oil like substance at high temperature and
pressure.
• This oily material may be burnt in diesel
engines directly or may be refined to form
gasoline
• Agricultural and urban waste biomass
– Crop residues, sugarcane residues, coconut shells
etc., are some of the common agricultural wastes
which produces energy by burning
• In rural areas these forms of waste biomass
are burned in open furnaces called chulhas
(efficiency < 8%)
 Biogas
Biogas - mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulphide, major constituent being methane.
• It is produced by anaerobic degradation of animal waste
in presence of water
• It is non-polluting, clean and low cost fuel
• Produced in rural areas - lot of animal waste
• India has the largest cattle population
Advantages
– It is clean, non polluting and cheap
– No storage problem since it is directly supplied from
plant
– The sludge left over is a rich fertilizer
Floating Gas Holder Type Biogas Plant
Floating Gas Holder Type Biogas Plant
 Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant

Instead of steel gas holder there is dome shaped

roof made of cement and bricks
 Biofuels
• Ethanol
– It can be easily produced from carbohydrate rich
substance like sugarcane, corn, etc.
– It burns clean non-polluting.
• Gasohol
– It’s a mixture of ethanol and gasoline
– Common fuel in brazil and Zimbabwe
– A petrol substitute consisting of 90% petrol and 10%
grain alcohol from corn
• Methanol
– Methanol can be easily obtained from woody plants
– It is very useful since it burns at lower temperature
than diesel and gasoline
 Hydrogen as fuel

• Hydrogen fuel cell

2 H2+ O2 →2H2O +150 KJ

• Hydrogen production

• Issues
- Hydrogen storage
- Transport
- Safety
 Hydrogen as fuel
• Due to highest calorific values it can serve as an
excellent fuel
• By thermal dissociation of water (at 3000 K and
above)
• It is produced by chemical reaction of water with
some other chemicals in 2-3 cycles
• Electrolytic method dissociate water to hydrogen
and oxygen by making current flow through it.
• Photolysis of water involves breakdown of water in
the presence of sunlight to release hydrogen.