HALLMARKS OF CANCER

•Tumour promoting inflammation

•Evading growth supressors

•Avoiding immune destruction

Prepared by Group A:
Anuha Gautam
Aishwarya Joshi
Basanta Neupane
Bikash Chaurasia
Neha Kumari Das
Priyanka Roy
Royasa Shakya
Sambridhi Karki
Samrat Pahari
Tumour promoting inflammation

 Inflammation is how tissues and cells respond

to injury.
 The acute inflammatory response is normally
localized and is protective.
 However, if the inflammation-causing agent
persists for a prolonged period of time, the
body’s response to it becomes a chronic
inflammation.
Tumor-associated inflammation may aid in tumor growth
by supplying the tumor microenvironment with-

Growth factors ( bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast

growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factors)

Survival factors

Pro-angiogenic factors

Extracellular matrix (ECM)–modifying enzymes that

promote angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis
 Evading growth suppressors
Cell proliferation in normal cells is a tightly
controlled process wherein the pro- and
antiproliferation signals coordinate their
activities at the cell cycle level. 
 The 2 tumor suppressors most commonly dysregulated in
cancer cells are retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and p53.

1.Rb actively inhibits cell passage through the restriction point

in the G1 cell cycle phase
Cancer cells with mutated Rb remove this gatekeeper and
allow for ongoing cell proliferation

2.p53 functions as a central regulator of apoptosis because it

arrests the cell cycle in cells with DNA damage
Loss of p53 allows for cell cycle progression despite DNA
damage and cellular stresses
 Evading immune destruction

 An active immune system continuously recognizes and

eliminates the vast majority of cancer cells before they
establish themselves and form a tumor mass.
 Cancer immunoediting includes 3 key phases-
1.Elimination

2.Equilibrium

3.Escape
1.Elimination
The immune system successfully recognizes and eliminates
cancer cells, a process often described as the elimination phase

2.Equilibrium
Tumor cells not eliminated by the immune system proceed to
the equilibrium phase, in which the immune system controls
cancer cell growth but does not completely eliminate the
transformed cells

3.Escape
Tumor cells not susceptible to immune destruction progress
into the escape phase. In this phase, the “escaped” tumor
clones—not effectively detected and destroyed by the immune
system—continue to divide and grow
 Thank
you