Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Works of
Rizal
Members:
Pineda, Ma. Angelita C.
Malicsi, Jemimah Keziah
Batangan, Neliza Mae
Jandayan, Jayson
The Chinese Connection
The Chinese Mestizo in the Philippines
• The Chinese Mestizo developed during the
Spanish colonial regime when Chinese
immigrants married native peoples.
• Classification of Chinese People:
(Sangley mestizo, mestisong Sangley,
mestizo de Sangley or Chinese mestizo;
plural: Sangleys or Sangleyes) is a term used
in the Philippines beginning in the Spanish
colonial period to describe and classify a
person of mixed Chinese and Filipino
ancestry (the latter were referred to as Indio.
Chinese Mestizo Origin:
Male – Chinese Mestizo (whoever he marries whether it be
a mestiza or India) remains Chinese Mestizo/ Mestiza
• Unjust taxes
• Racial Discrimination
• Forced labor Deportation to Guam
• Punishment suffered by three(3) Gomburza
priests
• The Massacre of Chinese rebels in the
Philippines resulting to more than 20,000
Chinese were killed dated back on 1603.
Some influences of Chinese
Mestizos on agitation for
reformation:
• Gregorio Sancianco
- Who wrote El Progreso de Filipinas
(Progress of the Philippines)
- El Progresso dealt with the
suggestion that all inhabitants of the
Spain should be given the same rights
and privileges as Spaniards and be
subject to a uniform tax system.
Jose Rizal
- One of the most influential members of the
Propaganda Movement.
- Propaganda movement
- The main goals of Propaganda movement were to
create reforms in the Philippines.
Ex. Equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards
- His popular novels, Noli Me Tangere & El
Filibusterismo, exposed the oppression and suffering
of his countrymen.
- His two novels became an inspiration by members
of the Katipunans who later once united to fight
Spaniards for a common cause, freedom.
Agrarian Relations & the Friar
Lands
• Rizal was already well aware about the worsening land conflict in the town of
Calamba, Laguna between the hacienda management and the group of tenants
before he returned home, after many years of his stay in Europe in 1887.
• The conflict rose from the continued unreasonable increased of rentals, land
confiscation and other exploitative practices of the hacienda management.
• These caused financial hardships to the tenants, and worsened by other factors
such as poor harvests, crops destroyed by unfavorable weather and pestilence.
• In 1890 while in Brussels (Belgium), Rizal learned that his family, relatives and
some tenants who were in conflict with the hacienda management in Calamba
were dispossessed of their lands after the court in Madrid issued its conclusion
in favor of the Dominican Order.
• The suit filed by the landowning friars against the tenants was a
response to the refusal of Don Francisco Mercado, father of Dr.
Rizal, to pay the land rents because the hacienda management
continually raised the cost of the rental
• Some family members of Rizal and other tenants faced
persecution from the authorities in relation to the agrarian
conflict in Calamba. Paciano (Rizal’s older brother) and his
brothers-in-law Antonio Lopez and Silvestre Ubaldo were
deported to Mindoro, while Manuel T. Hidalgo, another brother-
in-law, was banished, for the second time, to the island of Bohol.
• The agrarian problem in Calamba that worsened in 1887 until it
caused the dispossession of the tenants of their land in 1890
had encouraged Rizal to establish a Filipino settlement in the
island of Borneo, which was at the time under the British
protectorate.
• Rizal wanted to move landless Filipinos including his families and friends
to North Borneo (Sabah) to occupy assigned lands for them offered by the
British North Borneo Company, engaged in lucrative agriculture and
rebuild their lives.
• Rizal successfully obtained an agreement with the British authorities of
Borneo that allowed the potential Filipino colonists to occupy around
100,000 acres, a beautiful harbor, and would provide them a good
government for 999 years, free of all charges.
• This is known as the Borneo Colonization Project which was
enthusiastically endorsed or supported by many friends of Rizal including
prominent figures in our history like the Luna brothers (Juan and Antonio),
Graciano Lopez-Jaena, and his Austrian friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt.
• Unfortunately, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol rejected the project
because he argued that the Filipino immigration to Borneo was contrary to
the interest of Spanish colonial rule.
Interclergy Conflicts and the Cavite
Mutiny: