Animal Tissues

Tissues
Tissues are groups of specialized cells that work
together for a particular function. In humans,
combinations of different types of tissues make up
organs, and groups of organs work together to form
organ systems.
Four Types of Tissue
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Nervous
4. Muscle
TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE
 Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces. Skin and the lining

of organs are epithelial tissues. Epithelial tissues play roles
in absorption, secretion, and protection against foreign
substances.
 Simple Columnar Epithelium

The cells of simple columnar epithelium (arrows) are taller, as their

name suggests. This tissue is usually associated with secretion or
absorption and is most often found lining the digestive tract. The
section shown here is from an amphibian.
 Simple Squamous Epithelium

SS

Simple squamous (SS) tissue is composed of flat, scale-like cells. It

lines the walls of blood vessels, pulmonary alveoli and the lining of
the heart, lung, and peritoneal cavities.
 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

This tissue is composed of a single layer of boxy cells

(arrows). It lines the walls of kidney tubules. In describing
epithelium, the term “simple” means one cell-layer thick.
 Ciliated Epithelium

BM

Some epithelial membranes are made up of cells with cilia, tiny

projections that beat in unison to move mucus along the surface.
Ciliated epithelia in the trachea, for example, sweep debris out of the
respiratory tract. This tissue lines the larger respiratory passageways.
It is often ciliated (arrows).
TYPE STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION

CUBOIDAL CUBE LIKE CELLS •LINING OF KIDNEY •SECTRETION

EPITHELIUM WITH NUCLEUS AT • TUBULES • EXCRETION &
THE CENTRE •SALIVARY,SWEAT ABSORPTION
& PANCREATIC
DUCTS.

COLUMNAR TALL,PILLAR OR •LINING OF THE •SECTRETION

EPITHELIUM COLUMN LIKE CELLS STOMACH • EXCRETION &
WITH NUCLEUS •LINING OF THE ABSORPTION
TOWARDS THE INTESTINE & GALL • MUCOUS IS
BASEMENT MEMBRANE BLADDER SECRETED.

CILIATED CERTAIN CUBOIDAL & OVIDUCTS, MOVEMENT OF

EPITHELIUM COLUMNAR HAVE CILIA TRACHEA, CILIA BRINGS
AT THEIR FREE END. BRONCHIOLES & IN ABOUT MOVEMENT
NEPHRONES OF OF SUBSTANCES IN
KIDNEY ONE DIRECTION
GLANDULAR CUBOIDAL & SALIVARY, SECRETE
EPITHELIUM COLUMNAR GASTRIC, ENZYMES, MUCOUS
EPITHELIUM ARE INTESTINAL , OR HOMONES.
MODIFIED INTO SWEAT GLANDS,
GLANDS ADRENAL AND
THYROID GLANDS.
 STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
• MORE THAN ONE LAYER OF CELLS
IS PRESENT.
TYPE STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION

SQUAMOUS THIN •FORM LINING * DIFFUSION OF

EPITHELIUM FLATTENED OF MOUTH, MATERIALS OR
CELLS, WITH A OESOPHAGUS EXCHANGE OF
CENTRALLY AND LUNGS. GASSES.
PLACED •INNER LINING * PROTECTION
NUCLEUS, OF BLOOD FROM
COMPACTLY VESSELS CHEMICALS,
ARRANGED. •IN FORM OF MECHANICAL
STRATIFIED INJURY, ENTRY
EPITHELIUM IT OF GERMS &
COVERS THE DRYING.
SKIN SURFACE
Muscle Tissue
Muscle is a
contractile tissue.
There are three
types of muscle:
skeletal, cardiac
and smooth.
 Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle is distinguishable by its striations
and its long, unbranched, multinucleate cells or
fibers. The striations are due to the arrangement of
myosin and actin filaments, along the length of the
fiber. Skeletal muscle is attached to bone and is
responsible for voluntary movement. When
signaled to contract, all the fibers in a particular
bundle contract. The number and size of the
bundles involved determines the strength of the
contraction.
 Skeletal Muscle

Nucleus

Striations are visible. Each fiber runs the entire length of

the muscle. Nuclei can be found around the cell periphery.
 Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle makes up the wall of the heart and
is also striated. The cells are branched and usually
contain only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle fibers
are composed of a number of cardiac cells.
Adjacent muscle cells are held together by
intercalated disk. At each disk, the cell membranes
of cardiac muscle cells are intertwined and held
together by gap junctions. Because of these
connections, impulses spread quickly through the
muscular walls of each chamber.
 Cardiac Muscle

Striations are evident as well as intercalated disks,

the light bands between cells in each fiber.
 Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue, which occurs throughout the body,
receives and transmits stimuli. It converts a
stimulus, whether chemical or physical in nature,
into an electrical impulse that is conducted by
neurons. Neurons, also called nerve cells, are the
functional unit of nervous tissues.
 Neuron

Axon

Cell Body
Dendrites

A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and axons.

Dendrites carry impulses to the cell body, whereas axons
transmit impulses toward another cell body or an effector, a
muscle or organ that responds to the impulse.
 Axons
Axons are usually much longer than dendrites,
sometimes reaching a meter in length. Many
axons are enclosed in an insulating, lipid layer
called a myelin sheath. This sheath is produced
by Schwann cells, a type of supporting cell for
the nervous system. The sheath not only protects
the axon but also allows impulses to move more
quickly along the axon. Axons arranged in
ropelike bundles wrapped in connective tissue
make up nerves. Nerves carry sensory impulses
to the brain and transmit motor responses from
the brain to effector organs. Nerves that make up
the peripheral nervous system bring impulses
from the entire body to the spinal cord, which
then transmits them to the brain. The spinal cord
and brain are the central nervous system.
Neurotransmitter crosses synapse
Schwann cells
make up the
myelin sheath.
Impulse jumps
from node to
node
 Connective Tissue
Connective tissue differs from other tissues
in that it contains large amounts of
intercellular matrix. Connective tissues
function to bind other tissues together,
provide support, provide nourishment, store
wastes, or repair damaged tissues.
 Loose Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue has few fibers (collagen protein

fibers), a number of cell types, and a large amount of
matrix. It functions to bind epithelia to underlying tissues.
 Liquid connective tissue
• Our body contains two liquid connective tissues:
1) blood
2) lymph
Blood is the major liquid connective tissue. It’s
constituents are divided into two types
Liquid : plasma
Solid : corpuscles [ cells]
 plasma
• It is a straw coloured liquid and constitutes
55% of the blood.
• 90 – 92% of plasma is water while 6-8% is
proteins such as fibrinogen etc.
• Plasma without coagulation proteins is known
as serum.
• It contains mineral ions and other organic
compounds like glucose, amino acids, lipids,
hormones, vitamins etc.
 Blood
Blood is considered a connective tissue because it has
an extracellular matrix called plasma. This liquid matrix
is made up of water, salts, nutrients and an assortment
of dissolved proteins. Suspended in the matrix are two
types of cells, erythrocytes (red blood cells) and
leukocytes (white blood cells), as well as specialized
cell fragments called platelets that function in clotting
blood.
 Erythrocytes

RBCs

Red blood cells (RBCs) in humans are flattened disks because the cells lack a
nucleus. The pigment hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color, binds to
oxygen. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen to all the cells
of the body.
 Leukocytes
White blood cells function
mostly in fighting
diseases. Some of them
move through the walls of
blood vessels and enter
body tissues to engulf
bacteria. There are five
types of white blood cells:
neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils,
and basophils.
 Thrombocytes: platelets
• Platelets adhering to damaged vessel
Blood composition
• RBC (hematocrit) 40%
• WBC 1%
• Platelets 1%
• Plasma 58%
 CORPUSCLES /CELLS
RBC WBC PLATELETS
1. They are biconcave & 1. They are round or irregular in 1. Smallest and
appear disc like concave shape irregularly shaped.
structures.
2. Do not have nucleus. 2. Have a prominent nucleus 2. Colourless
which can be lobed. They can
have granulated or agranulated
cytoplasm.
3. They are red due to 3. It is colourless . 3.
presence of respiratory
pigment - Haemoglobin.
4. Transports oxygen & 4. Acts to protect against the
carbon dioxide. diseases.
5. Formed in the bone 5. There are 5 types of WBC
marrow from the stem cells. NEUTROPHILS, ACIDOPHILS,
BASOPHILS, LEUCOCYTES &
MONOCYTES.
6. Survive for 121 days and 6. Formed in the bone marrow from
destroyed in spleen liver stem cells.
• Haversian canal Bone
with blood vessel
and nerve
• Lacuna openings
with osteocytes in
them
• Calcium carbonate
matrix
Tendon: bone to muscle
More flexible and thicker