CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION TO BLOOD BANKING

IMMUNOHAEMATOLOGY I (DML405) S.Y. Pan (2009)

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the student should be able to:

 Understand the role of MLT in blood banking

 Describe the nature of job in blood bank

 Briefly explain the service provided by a blood

bank
INTRODUCTION
 Immunohematology:
 Known as Transfusion Science and Blood Banking
 Use principles of Immunology and genetics

 Blood Banking or Blood Transfusion Unit is an essential

unit in Pathology Department. Blood bank provides services
such as providing blood and blood components to all the
wards or even analytical services.
 It is the heart of every hospital

 Its function is to supply:

 Matched and screened blood
 Blood products to the wards, OT and others.

 Key part of modern health care

 The commitment of blood bank to supply blood to the
patients effectively is maintained by:
 Recruiting potential donors
 Maintain the flow of regular donors

 Blood products:
 Group of biological product derived from human blood and
plasma.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION SERVICE
 Blood Product

Packed Red Cell

Blood Grouping Test

 SERVICES PROVIDED BY A BLOOD BANK

Blood transfusion unit offer the following tests/services:

 ABO Blood Grouping  Antibody Screening

& Rh  Coomb’s Test direct
 Cross-matching and indirect
Emergency  Transfusion reaction
 Group Screening and  Exchange transfusion
Hold  Rh Genotype
 THE REQUIREMENTS OF BLOOD BANK
SERVICE
 The Blood Bank:
 Must have adequate number of personnel that consist of
MLT.

 MLTs must be properly trained

 MLTs must have adequate experience to enable them to

carry out their work properly.

 MLTs must check the request form whether it is completed

or not completed
 A request form is required when requesting blood.
 The test that been done by MLTs after working hours
are:
 ABO Blood Grouping and Rh Grouping
 Crossmatching Technique

 In order to maintain the safeness of the blood, service

health goals are required which are:
 Wellness focus
 Person focus
 Informed person/Personalized information
 Self care
 High quality care.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY BLOOD BANK
 Compatibility test:
 (Major and Minor Crossmatching)

 Anti human globulin tests (Coomb’s Test)

 Preparation of:
 Platelet/Fresh Frozen Plasma

 Preparation of:
 Cryoprecipitate/Cryosuspension
 Blood donor selection

 Tile Method:
 ABO and Rhesus (D) Grouping

 Tube Method:
 Rhesus (D) Grouping Du Antigen Typing

 Copper Sulphate Method

 Hemoglobin estimation
 Quality assurance guideline for manufacture component.

 Preventive and Corrective Action on Blood Refrigerator or

Freezer.

 Taking Temperature with Temperature Logger

 Released Blood and Blood Components from Unscreened

(refrigerator) Freezer/Platelet Agitators to Screened.

 Washing of glass tubes.

BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS PROVIDED FROM BLOOD BANK
No. Blood/Blood Components Usage
1. Whole Blood Hypovolemia and more than 20% blood loss.
2. Leukocyte Poor Whole Blood Neonate exchange transfusion, hypovolemia and more than
20% blood loss.
3. Packed Cell (Leukocyte-Poor) Hypovolemia and transfusion for oxygen rate.

4. Packed Cell Hypovolemia and transfusion for oxygen rate.

5. Platelet (Random Donor) For bleeding that is caused from reduced platelet.

6. Platelet (Apheresis Donor) For bleeding that is caused from reduced platelet.

7. Fresh Frozen Plasma For those lack of coagulation factor.

8. Fresh Frozen Plasma (Apheresis Same as above.
Donor)
9. Packed Cell and Filter For dependant Thalassemia patient.
10. Cryoprecipitate For those lack of coagulation factor.
11. Cryosupernatant/Liver plasma For those lack of coagulation factor cause by liver failure.
12. Factor FIX For Hemophilia B and Hemophilia A that have inhibitors to
factor FVIII.
13 Factor FVIII For Hemophilia A.
 For Immunophenotyping for leukemia and lymphoma
cases, blood will be sent to:
 Institute Medical Research (IMR)
 HKL
 National Blood Bank Centre (Pusat Darah Negara)

 Cytogenetic cases:
 Blood will be sent to Hematology Department of IMR

 For DNA analysis cases also be sent to IMR

THANK YOU