CHAPTER III

GOLONGAN IIIA AND IVA ELEMENTS

2.1. Elements and Compounds of Group IIIA

The elements of class IIIA consist of: boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and
thalium (Ti).

2.1.1. Boron and Its Compounds

Boron is used in firework displays to give a green color. Other boron compounds are used in
the manufacture of borosilica glass and in healing arthritis, boron-10 isotopes are used as a
control in nuclear reactors, as a shield in nuclear radiation and in instruments used to detect
neutrons.
2.1.2. Aluminum and Its Compounds
Aluminum is an abundant chemical element that is widely used throughout the world for various
products. This element has an atomic number 13, and is identified by the symbol Al on the
periodic table of the elements. Aluminum is a metal that is lightweight, strong and corrosion
resistant, so it is widely used for household appliances, window frames, to building frames,
aluminum is used as a coating for biscuits, chocolate packaging. One of the properties of
aluminum is its resistance to corrosion. Aluminum is a low mass type metal that is very resistant
to oxidation / corrosion. This is due to the formation of a fine oxide layer (when the metal is
exposed to air) which blocks the oxide further from the deeper metal layers.
Intan
 This stability requires 4 other electrons by forming covalent bonds.
only carbonla atoms are capable of forming 4 covalent bonds to
achieve a stable octet state.
 the presence of 4 valence electrons in a carbon atom forms a
covalent bond with a very long carbon chain. both single covalent
bonds double, even double 3. not only that, karon can also form cyclic
or circular chains.saturation occurs when each carbon atom gives an
electron. it will form a pair of shared electrons.

2. unsaturated bonds (double bonds). Saturated bond is a type of bond

in which two carbon atoms give more than one electron. As a result,
the number of electron pairs shared by more than one pair, for example
the bond will be shown in the following Picture :
based on the shape of the carbon atom chain, hydrocarbon compounds
can be divided into three, namely as follows:
1. Aliphatic carbon
chainAliphatic carbon is an example of an open chain of atoms that can
be either straight or branched. an example of a compound that has an
aliphatic carbon chain is n-butane with the molecular name C4H10. for
the same molecular formula, examples of branched aliphatic chains can
be seen in 2-methylpropane. The following is the picture.
 2. cyclic carbon
chainsif aliphatic carbon is open, it differs from the cyclic carbon chainclosed nature.
This chain has a double bond in it. The cyclic carbon chain can be divided into two
based on its constituent components.
1. Carcycyclic is a cyclic karoon compound which has one C atom in its circumference.
2. Heterocyclic is a compound which has another selnin C in its cyclic chain.

3. Aromatic carbon chains

The aromatic carbon chains are a form of carbon atoms that cannot be found in other
atoms. In the aromatic carbon chain, there are 6 carbon atoms that form cyclic chains
with alternating receptacle bonds. This intermittent double bond will trigger the
formation of electron clouds around the double bond. Compounds that have aromalous
carbon chains are called benzene. One example of adhesion is sodium benzoate which is
commonly used as a food preservative.
2.2.2. Silicon (Si) and its Compounds

Silicon content is found in the Earth's crust. Natural silicone based

ingredients have been used for thousands of years. Silicone stone crystals are
familiar to various ancient civilizers, like the Egyptians who used them for
beads and small vases. Silica-containing glass has been produced by the
Egyptians since at least 1500 BC. Natural silicate compounds are also used to
help cement. After attempts to ionize silicon were made, in 1808, Sir Humphry
Davy proposed the name "silicium" for silicon. The name comes from the Latin
silex, silicis for flint, and adds the suffix "-ium" because he believes it is metal.
 Silicon usually forms tetravalent compounds, although sometimes
they are bivalent. In addition, pentacoordinated and hexacoordinated
silicon compounds are also commonly known. Silicon is similar to
metal in its chemical behavior. This element is electropositive. Silicon
forms various hydrides, various halides, and many series of compounds
containing oxygen, which are dipat has ionic or covalent properties.
Silicon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Si and
atomic number 14. Silicon is the eighth most element in the universe in terms of
its mass, but is very rarely found in its pure form in nature.
The silicon atomic element has an electron configuration: (Ne) 3s² 3p². From the
electron configuration, it is clearly seen that the element of silicon has an outer
number of electrons of 4, meaning it is located in group IVA. Skin number 3
states that the element of silicon lies in period 3 of the Periodic System.
Pure silicon has a structure like diamond (tetrahedral) so it is very hard and does
not conduct electricity. When mixed with a few other elements, such as aluminum
(Al) or boron (B), silicon is semiconductor (conducts little electricity), which is
needed in various electronic equipment, such as calculators and computers. That
is why silicon is a very important substance in the modern world. For this reason,
it is needed silicon with very high purity and can be produced by the reaction:
SiCl4(g) + 2H2(g) ➡ Si(s) + 4HCl(g)
Silicon is not reactive at room temperature and does not react with
acids, but can react with strong bases such as NaOH.
𝑆𝑖(𝑠) + 4𝑂𝐻 −(𝑎𝑞 ) → 𝑆𝑖𝑂4+ (𝑎𝑞 ) + 2𝐻2 (𝑔)
At high temperatures, silicon can react with hydrogen to form
hydrides, and with halogens to form halides, such as:
𝑆𝑖(𝑠) + 2𝐻2 → 𝑆𝑖𝐻4

𝑆𝑖(𝑠) + 2𝐶𝑙2 → 𝑆𝑖𝐶𝑙4

Silicon reacts with halogens. If heated to form oxides. Pure silicon is

solid like metal with a melting point of 1410°C. Silicon in the earth's
skin comes in various forms.
Silicon is one of the elements that are useful for humans. In its form as sand and clay, it
can be used to make building materials such as bricks. Silicone is also useful as a heating
furnace and in the form of silicates used to make enamels (dental fillings), clay pots, etc.
Silica as sand is the main ingredient of glass. Glass can be made in various forms and used
as containers, windows, insulators, and other applications.
Silicon is an important material for steel making. Silicon carbide is used in laser devices to
produce coherent light with a wavelength of 4560 A. An important use of silicon is in the
manufacture of transistors, computer chips and solar cells. For this purpose, silicon is
really needed. Silicon is also used in iron alloys (haja). While silicone compounds are used
in industry, silica and silicates are used to make glass, ceramics, porcelain and cement.
Concentrated sodium silicate solution (Na, SiO), is a colorless amorphous solid, called
water glass. Siliconcarbide (SiC) is a very hard solid substance used for abrasive
(abrasives) and a protector for the shuttle to high temperatures when returning to earth.
Silica gel, a porous amorphous solid, is made by removing a portion of water from silicic
acid (H2SiO3).
3.2.3. Germanium (Ge) and its compounds
Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge with an atomic
number 32. Germanium is a sparkling, hard, whitish-gray element in the
carbon group. Chemically it is the same as the elements of tin and
silicon. Pure Germanium is semiconductors, with almost the same shape
as the silicon element. Germanium, same as with silicon, it naturally
reacts and forms compounds with oxygen in natural. Unlike silicon,
gemanium is reactive so it is rarely found free in nature.
 3.2.3. Tin or white tin (stannum) and their compounds white

Tin (or commonly called tin) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the
symbol Sn (Latin: stannum. sn is one of the metal elements that is quite abundant in
nature. silver white, soft, easy to forge and also ductile. usually used in making bronze
metal alloys, the name of the element is tin or what we are more familiar with the name
tin.   
Tin is a metal element in group IVA, period 5 of the chemical periodic table, which
has number 50. The Sn symbol of this element is taken from the Latin tin, Stannum.
Seen from its abundance in nature, tin is the 49th most abundant element in nature .Tim
has rust resistant properties when exposed to water but can not stand being exposed to
acids and alkalis.
 Tin is not too affected by water and oxygen at room temperature, is not
easily corroded and is not corrosive. Tin is used as a protective layer for
other metals. This layer is useful to prevent further oxidation by oxygen
in the air or water. however, at high temperatures tin can react with
oxygen to form tin oxide.

Tin can be used to coat metal (tin plating). Tin plating is the process of
coating the surface of a metal by using molten tin. because it is resistant
to corrosion by air, acids, bases, and water, it will make the metal coated
longer. concrete examples of tin plating are in cans of food and drinks
such as cans of milk.
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