ANTIDERIVATIVES

(INTEGRAL)
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

OBJECTIVES:

•define and interpret definite integral,

•identify and distinguish the different properties of
the definite integrals; and
•evaluate definite integrals
 
 
 
 
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
If F(x) is the integral of f(x)dx, that is, F’(x) = f(x)dx
and if a and b are constants, then the definite
integral is: b
 f ( x )dx  F  x   a
b
a

 F( b )  F( a )
where a and b are called lower and upper limits of
integration, respectively.

The definite integral link the concept of area to

other important concepts such as length, volume,
density, probability, and other work.
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
1. If a  b, then
b a
a
f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
b

provided f ( x) is defined in the closed int erval  a, b

2. If a  b and F ( x) is the int egral of f ( x), then

b
a
f ( x)dx provided f (a) and f (b) exists.

That is,
f ( x)dx   F ( x)  C  a  F (a )  C   F (a )  C   F (a )  F (a)  0.
b

b
a
   f ( x)  f ( x)....  f n ( x) dx   f1 ( x)dx   f 2 ( x)dx......  f n ( x)dx
b b b
3. 1 2
a a a

4. If f ( x) is continuous function in the closed int erval  a.b,

where a  c  b, then,
b c b
a
f ( x)dx   f (x)   f ( x)dx
a c
To obtain the definite integral of a function,
evaluate first its indefinite integral. Then applying
the limits of integration, that is, substitute the
upper limit of integration to all the variables
contained in the indefinite integral, minus the
function value of the indefinite integral using the
lower limit of integration.
EXAMPLE:
1
1.  1
x 2 dx

1
2. 
0
(4x 3  2x  10)dx.

9
3. 
1
y(3  y )dy.
EXERCISES:
1 3
m2  2
1.  (3  2 x)dx
0
5. 
1 m 4
dm

2 1/ 2

 y ( y  1) dy
2
2.   7
6. (3 x 1) dx
3 1 / 2

 
a 2
2
3. a  t dt 7.  y 2
1  y 3
dy
0 0

5
4.  (5 x  2)(7 x  5)dx
2
INTEGRATION OF ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION
 x if x  0
Re call x  
 x if x  0
EXAMPLE
4
1. 2
x dx
4 0 4
1st solution 
2
x dx    xdx 
2 
0
xdx
0 4
x  x 
2
 (2) 2  (4) 2
2
      0    0
2  2 2  0  2  2
 x if x  0
x 
 x if x  0
 2  8  10

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x0
x0
2nd solution
let f(x)  x
(4,4)
(x, y)
f(-2)  2; (-2 ,2) -2,2
f (0)  0; (0,0)
f (4)  4; (4,4)

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

1
A1  (2)(2)  2 4
2
 2
x dx  A1  A2

1  28
A2  (4)(4)  8
2  10
 3
2.  3
1  x dx

1st solution
1  x if 1 - x  0, x  1
1 x  
 1  x  if 1 - x  0, x  1

1  x dx   1  x dx    1  x dx
3 1 3
3 3 1
1 3
x  2
x 2

 x-    x 
2  3 2 1
1 15 3 1 20
      10
2 2 2 2 2
2nd solution
let f(x)  1 - x -3,4
(x, y)
f(-3)  4; (-3 ,4) (3,2)
f (1)  0; (1,0)
f (3)  2; (3,2)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1
A1  (4)(4)  8 3
2
3
1  x dx  A1  A2

1 82
A2  (2)(2)  2
2  10
 2
3. 1
x 3  x dx


 x 3
 x if x 3
x0
x x 
3

 
 x 3  x if x 3  x  0

x3  x  0
x3  x  0
x x 2  1  0
x x 2  1  0
x x  1 x  1  0
x x  1 x  1  0
SS :  - 1,0  1,  SS :  -  ,-1   0 ,1

1
2 0
  1
 
x  x dx   x  x dx    x  x dx   x 3  x dx
3
1
3
0
3
1
2
 

11

4
   x  2  3 dx  7
7
4.
1

5.   x  3  5dx 
5 5
0 2
INTEGRATION OF PIECEWISE FUNCTION
EXAMPLE
 2  x2, - 2  x  0
4 
1.  f ( x)dx ; f(x)  1
 x  2, 0  x  4
2
2
solution


4 0
 1 
4
f ( x )dx   2  x dx    x  2 dx
2
2 2 0
2 

0 4
x  3
x  2
56
 2x     2 x 
3  2 4 0 3
INTEGRATION OF ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
Re call :
For even integers,  - x   x n ;
n

For odd integers,  - x n  xn

Function is said to be even if f(-x)  f(x) for all x  domain of f

The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis.
Function is said to be odd if f(-x)  f(x) for all x  domain of f
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Theorem: a
1. If f is odd on [-a,a] then 
a
f ( x)dx  0

R1 a
-a R2

a 0 a
a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a 0

 area of R1  area of R2
 0
Theorem: a a
2. If f is even on [-a,a] then 
a
f ( x)dx  2 f ( x)dx
0

R1 R2
-a a

a 0 a
a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a 0

 area of R1  area of R2
 2 area of R 2 
a
 2 f ( x)dx
0
EXAMPLE
3 t3
1.  dt  0 because the function is odd
3 1  t 2
EXERCISES
1. In each part, evaluate the integral given that
 x  2 , if x  0
f ( x)  
 x  2, if x  0

0 6
a. 
-2
f ( x)dx c. 
0
f(x)dx

2 6
b. 
2
f ( x)dx d.  4
f ( x)dx
EXERCISES
2. In each part, evaluate the integral given that
2 x, if x  1
f ( x)  
2, if x  1

1 10
a. 
0
f ( x)dx c. 
1
f(x)dx

1 5
b. 
1
f ( x)dx d.  1
2
f ( x)dx
Problem 19 page 360

Area =0.8

Area =1.5

a b c d

Area =2.6

Use the areas shown in the figure to find

b c
a. 
a
f ( x)dx c.  f(x)dx
a

c d
b. 
b
f ( x)dx d. 
a
f ( x)dx
Answers : Problem 19 page 360

b
a.  a
f ( x )dx  0.8

c
b.  b
f ( x )dx   2.6

c
c. a
f(x)dx  0.8 - 2.6  - 1.8

d
d.  a
f ( x )dx  0.8  1.5 - 2.6  -0.3