Distance Protection Power Swing

Power Transmission
and Distribution

©
Siemens AG 2006
Power swing:
Voltage diagram

Two Machine Problem LZS1 LZL LZS2

E1 E2 = E'2
E1 E2
ZS1 ZL ZS2 UA UB
UA UB U'B

U'A
E'1
' 
'L L

If the angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution
Power swing locus and relay characteristic
in the impedance diagram

E1 > E2 X
ZS2

E1 = E2 B

ZL
'  load point

A R
E1 < E2 ZLoad
ZS1

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution
Dynamic system stability, equal area criterion

U1 ZL U2
E1 E2
ZS1 ZS2 E1 · E2
D PTP = · sin
ZL
XT

1
5
P
6
3 3 4 C 1
0 B
PT D
A
2 2 2
1 D

0 1 2
0 90° 180°  3

Siemens AG 2006
©

Page 4 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution

Power swing locus in the impedance plane

X
ZS1

2 1
ZL
2 4
3
6 5

0
0

ZS1 R
Zload

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 5 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution
Power swing detection: Classic Method
(Not used in 7SA52 and 7SA6)

Classic power swing detection

is restricted to slow swings

The setting of Z may not be too large

to avoid load encroachment (typ. 5 )

During fast swings the time available

(t) for detection of impedance vector
in the power swing zone is too short.
Z

t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 6 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution
 Advanced Power swing blocking techniques
(7SA513, 7SA522, 7SA6)

•Novel space vector based principle

Unstable swing •Self-setting
X
Z •Small Z (1 Ohm at In=5 A)
•Blocking up to high slip frequencies (7 Hz)
•Recognition of all fault types during swing
•Remains effective during single pole ARC
R open time (3-phase set-up)

 dZ/dt measurement

Stable swing  Calculation of swing centre

and plausibility check
(+90O<  <-90O)

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 7 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution
Power Swing detection: New method

X Power swing
Fault
Transition from load to fault is fast
impedance
dR(k-n)
Fault entry Power swing transition is slow
dX (k-n)

dR(k)
dX (k) Load
impedance

R
 Continuos monitoring of the impedance trajectory

 Monitoring of trajectory continuity

 Monitoring of trajectory velocity

 Evaluation of trajectory ellipse
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Siemens AG 2006
Page 8 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution
 Evaluation of the power swing process

A ZA a Zl b ZB B
EA ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ EB
0O
Relay Power swing
locus(EA>EB)
Example:
Slip
i/kA
frequency
6
3
-90O
-3 500 Xm 90O
t/ms

u/kV

200

500 Relay R
t/ms
180O

Siemens AG 2006
©

Page 9 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution

Novel power swing detection provides secure
operation with swing frequencies of up to 7 Hz

Example:
400 kV
400 km
fPS  2 Hz
iL1/A
-4
-2
0 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 t/s 3-pole fault

iL2/A
-2
0 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 t/s

iL3/A
-2
0 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 t/s

uL1/V
-50 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 t/s

uL2/V
-5
50 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 t/s

uL3/V
-5
50 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 t/s

D>D
isT
R
isT
R
Pelay
D
ow
IP
R
elis.T
is.
3p
elay
er
RPforw
rev
ec.C
IC
.S
Z
S1B
T
E
w
Kerse
R
N
ard
U
ing
h1
m
IP
D
Pf 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 © t/s
Siemens AG 2006
Page 10 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution
Fault detection during power swing

I1

I2

The Power swing passes through

V1 the trip characteristic several times.

Single phase fault is detected and

Trip cleared.

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 11 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution
 Three phase fault during Power Swing

I1

V1

V2

Three phase fault during power swing

V3 is detected and cleared

Fault inception while swing is inside

Trip trip characteristic

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 12 Symmetrical Components Power Transmission and Distribution