SOFTENIN

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HARD WATER
HARD WATER CONTAINS MORE MINERALS THAN
ORDINARY WATER
THESE ARE ESPECIALLY THE MINERALS CALCIUM
AND MAGNESIUM.
THE DEGREE OF HARDNESS OF THE WATER INCREASES,
WHEN MORE CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM DISSOLVES.

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MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM ARE
POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS.

BECAUSE OF THEIR PRESENCE,

OTHER POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS
WILL DISSOLVE LESS EASILY IN
HARD WATER THAN IN WATER THAT
DOES NOT CONTAIN CALCIUM AND
MAGNESIUM.

THIS IS THE CAUSE OF THE FACT

THAT SOAP DOESN'T REALLY
DISSOLVE IN HARD WATER.
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 SOFT WATER
Soft water is surface water that contains
low concentrations of ions and in particular
is low in ions of calcium and magnesium.

Soft water naturally occurs where rainfall

and the drainage basin of rivers are formed
of hard, impervious and calcium-poor rocks. 5
The main source of soft water is
rain.
Soft water also obtained from
the hard water. This is through
the process of water softening.
The water obtained through this
process is then usually referred
to as softened water.
Through lacking significant
magnesium and calcium ions, it
may contain high levels of sodium
and bicarbonate ions. 6
WATER SOFTENING
￮ This is simply the process of
removing magnesium and calcium
ions from water.

The best way to soften water is to use

a water softener unit and connect it
directly to the water supply.

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 “
WATER SOFTENING PROCESS

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 SALT
FREE

TYPES OF
WATER Water
SOFTENER REVERSE
OSMOSIS Softene
ION
EXCHANGE
SOFTENERS
r SOFTENERS

MAGNETIC
SOFTENERS
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SALT FREE
WATER
SOFTENERS
Salt free water softeners are the
preferred type by consumers.
Salt free water softeners uses a filter
so no chemicals, potassium or salt is
required.
This means that the minerals in the
water are not effected.
The only disadvantage is that they are
not recommended for very hard water.
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ION EXCHANGE
SOFTENERS
Ion exchange softeners exchange the
ions in the water with sodium or
potassium ions.
This removes the ions that cause the
hardness in water and can prolong the
use of washing machines and dish
washers.
This type is not recommended for
drinking water due to the high sodium
levels. 15
MAGNETIC
SOFTENERS
Magnetic softeners use magnets in or
around water pipes so that the
magnetic field will alter the water.
The disadvantage is that water will
return to a hard stage within 48
hours after leaving the magnetic field

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REVERSE OSMOSIS
SOFTENERS
Reverse osmosis softeners use pressure
to remove impurities through a semi-
permeable membrane.
This does remove up to 98% of
impurities.

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A picture is worth a
thousand words
A complex idea can be conveyed with just a
single still image, namely making it possible
to absorb large amounts of data quickly.

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 BY WATER BY
BOILING SOFTENING CHEMICAL
WATER METODS
METHODS

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 BY
BOILING
On boiling, the soluble
WATER
bicarbonate is decomposed into
insoluble carbonate.
 ION-
EXCHANGE REVERSE SODA OR
RESIN OSMOSIS LIME

BY CHEMICAL METHODS
DISTILLATION
CHELATING
AND RAIN
AGENTS
WATER

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 ION-EXCHANGE
RESIN
Ion exchange resins are organic polymers
containing anionic functional groups to
which the di-cations (Ca++) bind more
strongly than mono-cations (Na+).
Inorganic materials called zeolites also
exhibit ion-exchange properties.
These minerals are widely used in
laundry detergents.
Resins are also available to remove
carbonate, bi-carbonate and sulphate
ions which are absorbed and hydroxide
ions released from the resin. 22
 REVERSE OSMOSIS
Reverse osmosis is the other major
technology for water softening.
It is mainly deployed on a large scale rather
than for individual domestic applications.
As described by NSF/ANSI Standard 44, it
“reverses, by the application of pressure, the
flow of water in a natural process of osmosis
so that water passes from a more
concentrated solution to a more dilute
solution through a semi-permeable membrane.
Most reverse osmosis systems incorporate
pre- and post-filters along with the
membrane itself. 23
 SODA OR LIME
Hard water prevents soaps and detergents
forming a lather and cleaning effectively.
Adding washing soda, ammonia, borax or lye
to your washing water is a temporary
solution to this problem as it softens the
water and creates a lather.
However, since the limescale is not actually
removed from the water, you may still find
the minerals affecting the dryness and
durability of your clothing

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 DISTILLATION AND
RAIN WATER
Since Ca2+ and Mg2+ exist as
nonvolatile salts, they can be removed
by distilling the water.
Distillation is too expensive in most
cases.
Rainwater is soft because it is naturally
distilled during the water cycle of
evaporation, condensation and
precipitation.

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 CHELATING
AGENTS
Chelators are used in chemical analysis,
as water softeners, and are ingredients
in many commercial products such as
shampoos and food preservatives.
Citric acid is used to soften water in
soaps and laundry detergents.
A commonly used synthetic chelator is
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

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IMPORTANCE OF SOFTENING
WATER

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What does a Water Softener Do
for Me? Not to mention that soft water
Water softeners are very useful in
that they eliminate the calcium and
magnesium found in hard water.
This will extend the life of water
heaters, washing machines,
dishwashers, coffeemakers,
humidifiers, and of course the whole
plumbing system by at least 30%.
reduces the amount of soap you
need to use to get things clean by
up to 70%!
Statistics have shown that between
seventeen and twenty cents of
every dollar is spent on cleaning
products
A water softener will help you save
up to 65% on cleaning products
and improve the environment all at
the same time.
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LIFE AND HOUSEHOLD WITH SOFT
WATER

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In the Bathroom
Showering will be a much more
pleasant experience as you will get
and feel cleaner. Your hair and
skin will feel healthier and softer
and no more soap scum and stains
on sinks, tubs, and toilets.

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In the Kitchen
No more spots! Your glasses will
be clear instead of cloudy, you
won’t need as much soap to get
the job done, and your hands will
feel softer.

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In the Laundry
Your clothes will be softer,
cleaner, and brighter in color, you
won’t need as much detergent,
and your clothes will last longer
when you have a water softener
installed.

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Throughout the
House:
Any water-using machines like
water heaters, coffee pots, and
humidifiers will last much longer
as they will not be corroded with
hard water minerals.

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Benefits of water treated with a water
softener over untreated hard water:
Cleaner and shinier silverware,
Uses less soap and shampoo because
glassware, mirrors, tiles, cars, or any
of the rich lather softened water
plumbing fixtures.
and soap produces.
Softer skin and clean, smooth hair.
Softer clothes without hard
Reduced soap curd makes cleaning minerals trapped in the fabric.
easier and reduces housework Fabrics last longer and whites stay
whiter without the dingy gray
Preserves the life of all water caused by hard water.
appliances such as coffee machines,
ice makers, dishwashers, water Save money on monthly energy
heaters and laundry equipment. costs and damages to appliances. 34
 Benefits of
Salt-Free vs Traditional Salt-Based Softeners

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 Benefits of
Salt-Free vs Traditional Salt-Based Softeners
Salt-Free Traditional Salt-Based
 Reduce scale buildup and provide brighter
clothes and softer skin using a healthier
method. This is a more heart healthy and
 Add salt to the water which can have a
environmentally friendly system.
negative effect on people with high-blood
 The main benefit with salt-free systems
pressure and heart disease.
is the ability to soften water without
 Some cities are starting to ban salt-based
having to add sodium to the water.
softeners due to the high sodium content
 Maintenance free and use no waste
in the waste water.
water, no electricity and no salt or
 Salt-based systems require the salt to be
chemicals.
replenished on a monthly basis. 36
 Salt-free systems are extremely low
USES OF WATER SOFTENERS

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USES OF WATER SOFTENERS
Water softener is a unit that is used to soften water by removing the
minerals that cause the water to be hard.
Hard water constitutes several problems throughout your home that you
may or may not have noticed.
Hard water is known to clog pipes, complicate soap and detergent dissolving
in water, and leave behind water spots.
It creates a scale buildup inside your pipes and water appliances reducing
the efficiency of your water heater.
This means more energy is used to heat water which will result in
increased energy expenses.
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USES OF WATER SOFTENERS

Hard water can be treated with a water softener to reduce the

negative impacts of hard water.
Water softeners are specific ion exchanges that are designed to
remove ions which are positively charged.
Anti-scale systems transform calcium ions into calcium crystals
which are stable and cannot attach to pipes, surfaces, hardware or
other fixtures.

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Thanks!
❤
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