AVIONICS : Unit – II – 08 Hrs

Principle of Avionics:
• Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and space systems, Principle of
avionics, Integrated Avionics and Weapon system -Typical avionics sub systems,
Flight control systems, Radar Electronic Warfare, Utility systems.
• Display systems – Fundamentals of Head Up Displays - Military & Civil aircraft,
Helmet Mounted Displays, MFD, EFI Displays.
• Data Buses For Civil & Military Aircraft and Avionic Architectures.
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS

AVIONICS - AVIATION + ELECTRONICS

• ANY SYSTEM IN AIRCRAFT / SPACECRAFT AND SUPPORTING IT FROM GROUND

WHICH IS DEPENDENT ON ELECTRONICS (AND/OR ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS) FOR ITS OPERATION.

•THREE OPERATIONAL AREAS OF AVIONICS

ON-BOARD AVIONICS
GROUND BASED AVIONICS
AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
NEED OF AVIONIC SYSTEMS IN CIVIL & MILITARY AIRCRAFT
AND SPACE SYSTEMS
• DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF AVIONICS HAD BEEN DUE TO NEED:

 TO MEET MISSION REQUIREMENTS WITH MINIMUM FLIGHT CREW

 FOR INCREASED SAFETY
 TO MEET AIR TRAFFIC REQUIREMENTS
ALL WEATHER OPERATIONS

 REDUCTION IN FUEL CONSUMPTION

 IMPROVED AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
NEED OF AVIONIC SYSTEMS IN CIVIL & MILITARY AIRCRAFT
AND SPACE SYSTEMS (CONTD)
EFFICIENT CONTROL AND HANDLING

 REDUCTION IN MAINTENANCE COSTS

 CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTS IN DEFENSIVE AND OFFENSIVE CAPABILITIES

(MILITARY AIRCRAFT)
 PERFORMANCE OF UNMANNED SYSTEMS COMPLETELY DEPENDENT ON AVIONICS
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
TYPES OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS

• DEPENDING UPON THEIR ROLE & FUNCTION:

 FIRST SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS– SYSTEMS THAT INTERFACE DIRECTLY WITH
THE PILOT
 SECOND SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – AIRCRAFT STATE SENSOR SYSTEM

 THIRD SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – NAVIGATION SYSTEM

 FOURTH SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – EXTERNAL SENSOR SYSTEM

 FIFTH SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – TASK AUTOMATION SYSTEM

PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
FIRST SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – SYSTEMS THAT INTERFACE DIRECTLY WITH
PILOT

DATA ENTRY & CONTROL – KEYBOARD OPERATIONS AND SWITCH INPUTS, TOUCH ,
VOICE INPUTS
 COCKPIT DISPLAYS – HEAD UP DISPLAY, HEAD DOWN DISPLAY, HELMET MOUNTED DISPLAY.

 COMMUNICATION – LONG DISTANCE (HF – 2-30 MHz),

- NEAR MEDIUM RANGE (VHF - 30-100 MHz),
UHF FOR MILITARY(100 – 250 MHz),
- DUPLEX LEVEL OF REDUNDANCY - IN VHF TRIPLEX LEVEL
- SATCOM

 FLIGHT CONTROLS – AUTO-PILOT AND FLY-BY-WIRE SYSTEM

 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL MiG-21 COCKPIT (1955)
PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL

F-16 COCKPIT
(1976)
PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL

GRIPPEN COCKPIT (1988)

PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL

F-18 COCKPIT (1995)

 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL COMPOSITE DISPLAYS
PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
COCKPIT OF F-35
(2006)
 F-16
F-18

F-35

MiG-21
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL

CHINOOK CH-47 HEPTR COCKPIT

(1962)
PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL

AH-64 APACHE HEPTR

COCKPIT (1986)
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL BOEING 737 COKPIT
 UNIT I - PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
DATA ENTRY & CONTROL COCKPIT BOEING 777-300
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
SECOND SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – AIRCRAFT STATE SENSOR SYSTEM

• AIR DATA SYSTEM (ADS) – CALIBRATED AIR SPEED(CAS), ALTITUDE (ALT), MACH
NO., TRUE AIR SPEED(TAS), VERTICAL SPEED, AIR STREAM INCIDENCE ANGLE.

• INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM (INS) – SET OF GYROS & ACCELEROMETER;

ANGULAR AND LINEAR MOTIONS ARE MEASURED ABOUT AIRCRAFT AXES.
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
THIRD SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – NAVIGATION SYSTEM

• DEAD RECONING NAVIGATION SYSTEM

- DERIVE AC PRESENT POSITION BY ESTIMATING THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED FROM KNOWN
POSITION FROM A KNOWLEDGE OF SPEED & DIRECTION OF MOTION OF AIRCRAFT.
- MAIN TYPES ARE –
 INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM

 DOPPLER / HEADING REFERENCE SYSTEM

 AIR DATA / HEADING REFERENCE SYSTEM

- IN ALL DEAD RECONING NAVIGATION SYSTEMS, POSITION ERROR BUILDS UP WITH TIME AND IS
EQUIRED TO BE CORRECTED BY UPDATING IT.
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
THIRD SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – NAVIGATION SYSTEM

• POSITION FIXING SYSTEMS (RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEMS)

- POSITION FIXING SYSTEMS USE RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEMS BASED ON SATELLITE OR GROUND
TRANSMITTERS.
- A SUITABLE RECEIVER IN THE AC WITH COMPUTING SYSTEM CAN DERIVE AC POSITION. MAIN TYPES
ARE –

 INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM(INS)/GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

 VHF OMNI RANGE/DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT(VOR/DME)
 TACAN
 INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
FOURTH SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – EXTERNAL SENSOR SYSTEM
• RADARS (WEATHER / AIR INTERCEPTION)
- GENERALLY OPERATE IN GROUND MAPPING AND TERRAIN AVOIDANCE
MODES.
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
FOURTH SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – EXTERNAL SENSOR SYSTEM
• FORWARD LOOKING INFRA RED SYSTEMS (FLIR)

 The litening pod is an advanced airborne

Targeting and navigation pod. It has a
day/night and all weather capability.
 UNIT I - PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
Functionality of LDP
• The pod design enables the pilot to do the following missions / tasks:
 Detection, recognition and identification of ground targets, during day /
night and all weather conditions.
 Designation of ground targets.
 Accurate delivery of Laser Guided Bomb (LGB).
 Accurate ranging for Cluster bombs.
 Laser spot detection and tracking.
 Identification of aerial targets from Beyond Visual Range in A/A mode
slaved to RADAR.
 Performing low-level night flight using wide Field of View (FOV) FLIR
picture displayed on Head Up Display.
 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
FIFTH SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – TASK AUTOMATION SYSTEM

• AUTO-PILOT & FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

FLIGHT PLANNING

 NAVIGATION MANAGEMENT

 ENGINE CONTROL TO MAINTAIN PLANNED SPEED

 CONTROL OF AC FLIGHT PATH FOR OPTIMUM ROUTE

 CONTROL OF VERTICAL FLIGHT PROFILE

 ENSURING THE AC IS AT PLANNED 3D.

 MINIMIZING THE FUEL CONSUMPTION

 PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS
FIFTH SET OF AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS – TASK AUTOMATION SYSTEM

• ENGINE CONTROL MANAGEMENT – FULL AUTHORITY DIGITAL ENGINE

CONTROL (FADEC)
• HOUSE KEEPING MANAGEMENT
 FUEL MANAGEMENT – FUEL FLOW, TRANSFER TO MAINTAIN AIRCRAFT TRIM

 ELECTRICAL POWER MANAGEMENT

 HYDRAULIC POWER MANAGEMENT

 ENVIRONMENT CONTROL SYSTEM

WARNING SYSTEM

 MAINTENANCE MONITORING SYSTEM

THANK YOU
 UNIT II - PRINCIPLE OF AVIONICS

COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
• Cockpit display systems in provide a visual presentation of the information and data
from the aircraft sensors & provide

Civil Aircraft Military Aircraft

Primary flight information, Primary flight information,
Weather information radar Weather, Air Surveillance &
Interception radar
Navigation information Navigation information
Engine data Engine & Airframe data
Airframe data, System Health Monitoring data
Warning information. Warning information
Infrared imaging sensors
Tactical mission data. Weapon aiming.
Threat warnings.

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
REQUIREMENT

• For The pilot to rapidly absorb and process substantial amounts of visual
information, the information must be displayed in a way which can be
readily assimilated.

• Unnecessary information must be eliminated to ease the pilot’s task in high

work load situations.

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
TYPES OF COCKPIT DISPLYS
• Number of developments have taken place to improve the pilot–display
interaction. Examples of these developments are:

 Multi-function colour displays,

 Digitally generated colour moving map displays,
 Head up displays,
 Helmet mounted displays,
 Synthetic pictorial imagery

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS

MULTI-FUNCTION DISPLAY

• Human Machine Interface (HMI) between pilot and aircraft as display and
control terminal.

• High-resolution color Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (AMLCD) screen,

capable of displaying a variety of display pages.

• MFDs operate in conjunction with Open Architecture Computers, which control the
video and coordinate the operation of display subsystems.

• Pilot can receive or retrieve visual data and send commands to other
avionics system through MFD.
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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
MULTI-FUNCTION DISPLAY

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
MULTI-FUNCTION DISPLAY

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS

Digitally Generated Moving Colour Map Displays.

• Colour maps can now be generated digitally from a map data base stored in
the computer memory and moved in real time with the aircraft so that the
aircraft is at the centre of the map display.

• The navigation system provides the basic information to move and rotate the
map to maintain the selected orientation (“track-up” or “North-up” ).

• Best way of visually assimilating the aircraft’s horizontal situation. That is

the position of the aircraft relative to the chosen waypoints and
destination, alternative routes, targets and location of specific terrain features
such as mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, coast line, towns, cities, railways, roads,
etc.
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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
Digitally Generated Moving Colour Map Displays

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS

HEAD UP DISPLAY SYSTEM

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
Head Up Display (HUD) - Introduction
• Head Up Display or HUD - Enabled a major improvement in man–machine
interaction (MMI) & Most important advancement to date in the visual
presentation of data to the pilot.

• First HUD went into service in 1962 in the Buccaneer strike aircraft in the UK.

• Pilot is able to view and assimilate the essential flight data generated by the
sensors and systems in the aircraft.

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
Head Up Display (HUD) – Introduction (contd)

• HUD projects a collimated display in the pilot’s head up forward line of sight
so that he can view both the display information and the outside world scene at the
same time.

• Because the display is collimated, i.e. focused at infinity (or at a long distance
ahead), the pilot’s gaze angle of the display symbology does not change with head
movement so that the overlaid symbology remains stabilized, with the outside world
scene. (See Fig)

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
Head Up Display (HUD)

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
Head Up Display (HUD) – Introduction (contd)

• The pilot is thus able to observe both distant outside world objects and display
data at the same time without having to change the direction of gaze or
refocus the eyes.

• There are no parallax errors and aiming symbols for either a flight path
director, or for weapon aiming in the case of a combat aircraft, remain
overlaid on a distant ‘target’ irrespective of the pilot’s head movement.

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
HUD Fundamentals

• Head-Up Display requires

 an image source, generally a high-brightness cathode-ray tube, and

 an optical system to project the image source information at optical infinity.

• Head-up display systems are comprised of two major subsystems:

 HUD processor or HUD computer and

 Pilot’s Display Unit (PDU).

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 COCKPIT DISPLAY SYSTEMS
• HUD processor/Computer
 Interfaces electronically with aircraft sensors and systems,
Runs a variety of algorithms related to data verification and formatting,
Generates the characters and symbols making up the display,
Interfaces with the PDU.

• Pilot’s Display Unit (PDU)

Interfaces electrically and mechanically with the aircraft structure,
Provides the optical interface to the pilot,
Located within the cockpit to allow a pilot positioned at the Cockpit Design
Eye Position (DEP) to view HUD information which is precisely positioned
with respect to the outside world.
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