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Solidarity

Retno Apriliyanti
apriliyantiretno89@gmail.com
 Social
Relationship

Speaker
And
Listener
Historical Relation
 The use of Tu and
Vous

Asymmetrical T/V usage symbolized a power relationship

 Symmetrical
Symmetrical Use
Symmetrical V usage became Symmetrical T usage showed
“polite” usage, spreading downwards intimacy. People using this for had
in society. It was used, for instance, strong common interests, showed
between wife and husband, parents solidarity.
and children and lovers

Symmatical V

Symmatrical T ----- C- -h- -a- n- - g-

Addressing Parents
The alteration based on Savoir-vivre en French (Vigner: 1978)
 The grammar of English names

Three word-classes:
Family Titl
• Title (Mr, Prof, …) (Smith e
• Given name (John, ) (Mr)
Mary)
• Family name Given
(Holdsworth, Smith,
etc)
(John
)
 Possible combinations:
T G F
Professor Christopher Holdsworth
Professor Holdsworth
Christopher /Chris Holdsworth
Christopher /Chris
Doctor
(ok for some titles)
Holdsworth
NB: old-fashioned
Professor Chris
 What contextual elements influence the
form used?
 Is the formality of the setting relevant?
 Is the kinship relation or other social relationship relevant?
 Is age or generation relevant in selecting the appropriate
form?
 Is relative status or rank relevant in selecting an appropriate
term?
 Is the gender of the speakers relevant?
 The sociolinguistics of English names

Sex (Mr/Mrs; John/Mary)

The Solidarity hierarchy

The Power hierarchy

 Solidarity relations to a:
Stranger

Acquaintanc
e

Friend/relativ
e
Power relations to a:

Superior

Equal Subordinate
To a close equal: a young friend
To a close equal: an old friend
To an even closer equal
To a close subordinate: a child
Even more subordinate: a pet
To equal acquaintances
To a superior stranger
 What name do you use?

• To superior stranger : TF (Mr Smith)

• To subordinate relative : G (John)
• To superior relative : T (Dad)
• To equal acquaintance : G
• To superior acquaintance : ?
Inequality reigns
dentist is superior
to patient

teacher is
superior
to student
salesperson is
subordinate
to customer
 Power Semantic

Symmetrical Use
Symmetrical V usage became Symmetrical T usage showed
“polite” usage, spreading downwards intimacy. People using this for had
in society. It was used, for instance, strong common interests, showed
between wife and husband, parents solidarity.
and children and lovers
 Does naming matter?
• To the hearer:
• To the speaker:
• A wrong choice can offend or hurt.
• Decisions are difficult.
• The better you speak English, the more a
wrong choice will offend.
 Forms of address
 vary with the nature of the relationship between speakers

reciprocal use of first names generally informal intimate

signifies an
relationship
title and last name used reciprocally indicates a more formal or
businesslike relationship between individuals of roughly equal status
nonreciprocal use of first names and titles is
reserved for speakers who recognize a marked difference in status
between themselves

this status can be a function of age (as when a child refers to her
mother's friend as Mrs Miller and is in returned referred to as Sally)
or it can be along occupational lines as when as person refers to his boss by
title and last name and is in return addressed as John
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