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Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@cabrillo.edu
Spring 2015
Basic EIGRP
Types of Routing Protocols
Exterior
Gateway
Interior Gateway Protocols Protocols
Distance Vector Link State Path Vector
Distance Vector Routing Link State Routing Path Vector
Protocols Protocols
IPv4 RIPv2 EIGRP OSPFv2 IS-IS BGP-4
RIPng EIGRP for OSPFv3 * IS-IS for BGP-4 for
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 or
MP-BGP
* OSPFv3 supports routing both IPv4 and IPv6.
3
/24
Topology
/24
/24
Initial Config – R1
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0/0
description R1-->R2
bandwidth 64
ip address 10.1.102.1 255.255.255.248
clock rate 64000
!
interface Serial0/0/1
description R1-->R3
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.1.103.1 255.255.255.248
5
Initial Config – R2
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0/0
description R2-->R1
bandwidth 64
ip address 10.1.102.2 255.255.255.248
!
interface Serial0/0/1
description R2-->R3
bandwidth 1024
ip address 10.1.203.2 255.255.255.248
clock rate 64000
6
Initial Config – R3
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0/0
description R3-->R1
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.1.103.3 255.255.255.248
clock rate 64000
!
interface Serial0/0/1
description R3-->R2
bandwidth 1024
ip address 10.1.203.3 255.255.255.248
7
Configuring Basic EIGRP
R1(config)# router eigrp 1
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0
R1(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
R1(config-router)#
Hello packets are used to discover & form adjacencies with neighbors.
Multicasted to:
IPv4: 224.0.0.10
IPv6: FF02::A
Hello packets are always sent unreliably.
Therefore Hello packets do not require acknowledgment. 11
EIGRP Neighbors Amount
Amount of
was
of time
was added
time since
added to
since this
to the
this neighbor
the neighbor
neighbor
neighbor table.
table.
R2# show ip eigrp neighbors
EIGRP-IPv4 Neighbors for AS(1)
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
1 10.1.203.3 Se0/0/1 10 00:03:15 28 168 0 19
0 10.1.102.1 Se0/0/0 12 00:13:22 23 2340 0 46
R2#
The
The local
local
Neighbor’s
Neighbor’s interface
interface Seconds
Seconds remaining
remaining
IPv4
IPv4 receiving
receiving before
before declaring
declaring
address
address EIGRP
EIGRP Hello
Hello neighbor
neighbor down.
down.
packets.
packets. Reset
Reset to
to hold
hold time
time
when
when Hello
Hello is
is
received.
received.
12
EIGRP Interfaces
R2# show ip eigrp interfaces
EIGRP-IPv4 Interfaces for AS(1)
Xmit Queue PeerQ Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending
Interface Peers Un/Reliable Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes
Se0/0/0 1 0/0 0/0 23 10/390 478 0
Se0/0/1 1 0/0 0/0 28 0/23 139 0
Gi0/0 0 0/0 0/0 0 0/0 0 0
R2#
13
EIGRP Interfaces
R2# show ip eigrp interfaces detail
EIGRP-IPv4 Interfaces for AS(1)
Xmit Queue PeerQ Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending
Interface Peers Un/Reliable Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes
Se0/0/0 1 0/0 0/0 23 10/390 478 0
Hello-interval is 5, Hold-time is 15
Split-horizon is enabled
Next xmit serial <none>
Packetized sent/expedited: 20/0
Hello's sent/expedited: 2186/4
Un/reliable mcasts: 0/0 Un/reliable ucasts: 23/23
Mcast exceptions: 0 CR packets: 0 ACKs suppressed: 0
Retransmissions sent: 0 Out-of-sequence rcvd: 1
Topology-ids on interface - 0
Authentication mode is not set
14
IPv4 Routing Protocols
R2# show ip protocols
*** IP Routing is NSF aware ***
15
IPv4 Routing Protocols
Routing Protocol is "eigrp 1"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
EIGRP Process ID
19
EIGRP Interfaces after Passive
R2# show ip eigrp interfaces
EIGRP-IPv4 Interfaces for AS(1)
Xmit Queue PeerQ Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending
Interface Peers Un/Reliable Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes
Se0/0/0 1 0/0 0/0 23 10/390 478 0
Se0/0/1 1 0/0 0/0 28 0/23 139 0
R2#
R2# show ip protocols
<selected output>
Passive Interface(s):
GigabitEthernet0/0
Shutdown on a serial link in a lab environment does not work because it brings down
21
both ends of the link
EIGRP Neighbors w/ Differing Timers 5/15
5/15
R2# show ip eigrp interfaces detail serial 0/0/0
EIGRP-IPv4 Interfaces for AS(1)
Xmit Queue PeerQ Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending
Interface Peers Un/Reliable Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes
Se0/0/0 1 0/0 0/0 68 10/390 390 0
Hello-interval is 5, Hold-time is 15
<>
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R1# show ip eigrp interfaces detail serial 0/0/0
EIGRP-IPv4 Interfaces for AS(1)
Xmit Queue PeerQ Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending
Interface Peers Un/Reliable Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes
Se0/0/0 1 0/0 0/0 1290 10/390 6826 0
Hello-interval is 5, Hold-time is 15
<>
R1#show ip eigrp neighbors
EIGRP-IPv4 Neighbors for AS(1)
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 10.1.102.2 Se0/0/0 11 00:03:36 28 2340 0 26 22
<>
EIGRP Neighbors w/ Differing Timers 5/15
10/30
R1(config)# interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)# ip hello-interval eigrp 1 10
R1(config-if)# ip hold-time eigrp 1 30
R1(config-if)# end
R1#
R1# show ip eigrp interfaces detail serial 0/0/0
EIGRP-IPv4 Interfaces for AS(1)
Xmit Queue PeerQ Mean Pacing Time Multicast Pending
Interface Peers Un/Reliable Un/Reliable SRTT Un/Reliable Flow Timer Routes
Se0/0/0 1 0/0 0/0 1290 10/390 6826 0
Hello-interval is 10, Hold-time is 30
<>
R1# show ip eigrp neighbors
EIGRP-IPv4 Neighbors for AS(1)
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 10.1.102.2 Se0/0/0 12 00:25:47 1290 5000 0 54
23
Initial Route
Discovery
Observing EIGRP
R3# debug eigrp packet
R3# conf t
R3(config)# router eigrp 1
R3(config-router)# network 10.1.203.0 0.0.0.7
*Feb 1 22:06:45.678: EIGRP: Sending HELLO on Se0/0/1 - paklen 20
*Feb 1 22:06:45.698: EIGRP: Received HELLO on Se0/0/1 - paklen 30 nbr 10.1.203.2
*Feb 1 22:06:45.698: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 1: Neighbor 10.1.203.2 (Serial0/0/1) is up: new adjacency
*Feb 1 22:06:45.698: *Feb 1 22:06:45.698: EIGRP: Enqueueing UPDATE on Se0/0/1 - paklen 0 nbr 10.1.203.2 tid 0 iidbQ un/rely 0/1 peerQ
un/rely 0/0
*Feb 1 22:06:45.706: EIGRP: Sending UPDATE on Se0/0/1 - paklen 0 nbr 10.1.203.2 tid 0
*Feb 1 22:06:45.706: AS 1, Flags 0x1:(INIT), Seq 63/0 interfaceQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 0/1
*Feb 1 22:06:47.770: EIGRP: Received UPDATE on Se0/0/1 - paklen 222 nbr 10.1.203.2
*Feb 1 22:06:47.770: AS 1, Flags 0x0:(NULL), Seq 64/63 interfaceQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 0/1
*Feb 1 22:06:47.770: EIGRP: Enqueueing ACK on Se0/0/1 - paklen 0 nbr 10.1.203.2 tid 0
*Feb 1 22:06:47.770: Ack seq 64 iidbQ un/rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 1/1
*Feb 1 22:06:47.774: EIGRP: Sending ACK on Se0/0/1 - paklen 0 nbr 10.1.203.2 tid 0
*Feb 1 22:06:47.774: AS 1, Flags 0x0:(NULL), Seq 0/64 interfaceQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 1/1
*Feb 1 22:06:47.778: EIGRP: Received ACK on Se0/0/1 - paklen 0 nbr 10.1.203.2
*Feb 1 22:06:47.778: AS 1, Flags 0x0:(NULL), Seq 0/64 interfaceQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 0/1
25
Observing EIGRP
R3# 26
IPv4 Routing Table – EIGRP Routes
R2 R3
I will choose R3 to
get to 10.0.0.0/8
RA R1 which means I
have a cost of 120.
Is R2 a valid back
RB up?
No, because it comes back through me
R1 (loop). It only knows this route
because of me.
29
I can get to 10.0.0.0/8 I can get to
10.0.0.0/8 with a 10.0.0.0/8 with a
metric of 300. metric of 100.
RX
RB
R2 R3
I will choose R3 to
get to 10.0.0.0/8
RA R1 which means I
have a cost of 120.
Is R2 a valid back
up?
Yes, because it has its own
path to 10.0.0.0/8. (no loop)
30
I can only use R2 as a
backup if it reports a
cost less than my total
cost through R3.
Successor
33
The Feasible Successor
R2#The
show reported
ip eigrp distance
topology - EIGRP neighbor’s FD to the same destination network.
The metric that a router reports to a neighbor about its own cost to that network.
Feasibility Condition:
P 172.16.3.0/24, 1 successors,The FC3014400
FD is is met when a neighbor’s reported distance (RD)
R1: Feasible
to a network is less than the local router’s FD to the same destination network.
via 10.1.203.3 (3014400/28160), Serial0/0/1 Successor
via 10.1.102.1 (41026560/2172416), Serial0/0/0
Outbound interface to
reach this network
R2’s feasible R1’s (feasible
Next hop
distance if R1 successor)
address of
becomes the Reported
the Feasible
Successor. Distance to R2
Successor
This would the Feasible
metric in R2’s Successor
routing table via
R1. 34
Why is R1 a Feasible Successor?
R2# show ip eigrp topology
Feasibility Condition:
R1’s Reported Distance is less than
R2’s Feasible Distance via R3, so
R1 is a Feasible Successor.
A Feasible Successor is a neighbor who has a
Feasible
loop-free backup path to the same network as the
successor by satisfying the feasibility condition.
Successor
Can become new successor with no packets lost.
35
Why is R1 a Feasible Successor?
R2# show ip eigrp topology
Feasible
Successor Successor
R2(config)# interface serial 0/0/1
R2(config-if)# no shutdown
R2(config-if)# end
*Feb 2 00:02:59.422: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up
*Feb 2 00:03:03.346: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 1: Neighbor 10.1.203.3 (Serial0/0/1) is up: new adjacency
38
IPv4 Routing Table – EIGRP Routes
R1# 40
The Successor
R1# show ip eigrp topology
Outbound interface to
reach this network
Next hop Feasible distance
address of
the successor Successor’s (R3’s)
Reported Distance
NO feasible successor
To be a feasible successor, R2 must satisfy the
Feasibility Condition.
41
Why is R2 is NOT a Feasible Successor?
R1# show ip eigrp topology all-links
X
43
Observing EIGRP
Reply Query
44
New Route I’m the new successor
R1#
R1# show ip route eigrp
<>
47
EIGRP Queries
Router
Queries B
Replies
Router
A
X
X
When there is no feasible successor DUAL puts the route into Active
(topology table) and sends queries to neighbors looking for another path.
48
EIGRP
Queries and
Stuck in
Active
Router loses a route and does not have an FS in its topology table, it looks for an alternative
path to the destination. - known as going active on a route
If a neighbor does not have an alternative route, it queries each of its own neighbors for an
alternative path.
The queries then propagate through the network, thus creating an expanding tree of queries.
49
Router
Stuck in Active (SIA) C Router D
X
Router
Queries B
Replies
SIA Router
A
X
X
When EIGRP returns a stuck in active (SIA) message, it means that it has
not received a reply to a query.
Summarization can help prevent SIA. 50
EIGRP 101 EIGRP 102
Stuck-in-Active
Optimizing EIGRP
Reduce queries
EIGRP Summarization
EIGRP Stub Routing
Reduce the affect of SIAs
EIGRP Active Enhancement Process
52
Reduce Queries by using Summary Routes
S0/0/0
Summarization 192.168.0.0/22
Classful Networks
Class A: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0 or /8
Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Default Mask: 255.255.0.0 or /16
Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 Default Mask: 255.255.255.0 or /24
1177
..11 00//22 44
..00 44
automatic summarization is disabled.
//22
44
172.16.1.0/24
R1(config-router)# no auto-summary 172.16.2.0/24
Prior, automatic summarization was 172.16.3.0/24
enabled.
R1(config-router)# auto-summary
62
Queries
Optimizing EIGRP
Reduce queries
EIGRP Summarization
EIGRP Stub Routing
Reduce the affect of SIAs
EIGRP Active Enhancement Process
63
EIGRP Interfaces The summary route of 192.168.16.0/23 is installed
in HQ’s route table rather than the directly
connected 192.168.16.0/24 because
HQ# show ip route eigrp 192.168.16.0/24 is included in the summary.
D 192.168.0.0/24 [90/409600] via 172.16.1.2, 00:12:07, Ethernet0/0
D 192.168.16.0/23 [90/307200] via 172.16.1.2, 00:12:07, Ethernet0/0
D EX 192.168.18.0/24 [170/307200] via 172.16.1.2, 00:12:07, Ethernet0/0
64
Stub Routers
EIGRP
Updates
X
Stub
Queries X
Stub Routers learn routes from nonstub routers but…
Stub routers do not forward EIGRP learned routes to other neighbors
Nonstub routers do not send query messages to stub routers…. Stub
will send what it wants (if anything).
65
Stub Router Options
Options – One or more, except for receive-only EIGRP Updates
connected – Sends connected routes covered by a network statement.
Most widely practical stub option (default)
summary - Sends summary routes, manually created or automatic. (default)
static - Sends static routes redistributed with the redistribute static
command.
redistributed – Sends all redistributed routes configured with the
redistribute command.
receive-only - Restricts the stub router from sharing any of its routes with
any other EIGRP router.
This option does not permit any other option to be used.
This option is rarely used.
Router has a single interface or using NAT (later)
66
Stub default: connected and summary
BR1A(config)# router eigrp 1
BR1A(config-router)# eigrp stub
*Oct 18 11:51:16.232: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 1: Neighbor 172.16.1.1
(Ethernet0/0) is down:
67
Stub default: connected and summary
BR1A(config)# router eigrp 1
BR1A(config-router)# eigrp stub
HQ# show ip eigrp neighbors detail
EIGRP-IPv4 Neighbors for AS(100)
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 10.2.2.2 Se0/0/0 14 00:21:37 20 120 0 15
Version 16.0/2.0, Retrans: 0, Retries: 0, Prefixes: 3
Topology-ids from peer - 0
Stub Peer Advertising (CONNECTED SUMMARY ) Routes
Suppressing queries
Max Nbrs: 0, Current Nbrs: 0
HQ#
68
Stub default: connected
BR1A(config)# router eigrp 1
BR1A(config-router)# eigrp stub connected
70
Queries
Optimizing EIGRP
Reduce queries
EIGRP Summarization
EIGRP Stub Routing
Reduce the affect of SIAs
EIGRP Active Enhancement Process
71
Active Process
Enhancement
feature
Cisco IOS Software Release 12.1(5) and later, with the Active
Process Enhancement feature.
This feature enables an EIGRP router to monitor the progression of
the search for a successor route and ensure that the neighbor is still
reachable.
72
BEFORE Active Process Enhancement feature.
X10.1.1.0/24 gone; no FS
A Never heard from B
Query
X 3 min timer So after 3 min reset adjacency along with all networks
B 10.1.1.0/24 gone; no FS
No entry so sends Query
10.1.1.0/24 gone; no FS
SIA Reply: I’m ok but waiting on C B
No entry so sends Query
After 1.5 min SIA Query
(3 attempts until I terminal Bad link; reply never makes it
adjacency with C)
74
EIGRP Load Balancing
75
Variance command
Router(config)# router eigrp 1
Router(config-router)# variance multiplier
Cisco IOS allows up to 32 equal-cost paths (IOS dependent), 4 by default.
EIGRP does unequal cost load balancing, forwarding packets relative to the metric.
The variance command:
Instructs the router to include routes with a metric less than or equal to n times
the minimum metric route for that destination
n is the number specified by the variance command (1 -128).
Default = 1
The maximum-paths number EIGRP is used to sent the number of load-balancing
paths (up to 32 paths).
1 disables load balancing
Note: If a path isn't a feasible successor, then it isn't used in load balancing.
Note: Load balancing is only performed on traffic that passes through the router, not
traffic generated by the router. 76
Variance command
RD
FS
Succ
FS
Successor: R3 with a FD of 20
Feasible Successors: R2 and R5
R2’s RD of 10 < R3’s FD of 20
R5’s RD of 10 < R3’s FD of 20
79
Layer 2 and Layer 3 MPLS VPN Solutions
192.168.1.0/30 192.168.2.0/30
network network
192.168.1.100/27
network
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@cabrillo.edu
Spring 2015