KULIAH 1

PENDAHULUAN
Definisi-definisi, Tujuan Penelitian Mikrofosil,
Sejarah Mikropaleontologi.
 PETROLOGY PALEONTOLOGY

GEOLOGY

STRATIGRAPHY
STRUCTURE
GEOLOGY
 SCIENCE
(SEJARAH BUMI)

GEOLOGY

TERAPAN
(PENCARIAN
MINYAK BUMI,
MINERAL DSB)
DEFINISI:

 PALEONTOLOGI
 PALEOBOTANI
 PALEOZOOLOGI
 MAKROPALEONTOLOGI
 MIKROPALEONTOLOGI
 MIKROFOSIL
 WHAT ARE
MICROFOSSILS?
 WHAT ARE
MICROFOSSILS?
 MICROFOSSILS ARE FOSSILS THAT ARE
TOO SMALL TO BE STUDIED WITHOUT
THE AID OF A MICROSCOPE.

 THEY INCLUDE BOTH THE REMAINS OF

MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS AND SMALL
PARTS OF LARGER.
 HOW ARE
MICROFOSSILS
USED IN
GEOLOGY?
 HOW ARE MICROFOSSILS
USED IN GEOLOGY?

 MICROFOSSILSARE USEFUL FOR

DETERMINING THE AGE OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, AND

 FORINTERPRETING THE ENVIRONMENT

IN WHICH THE SEDIMENTS WERE
DEPOSITED.
 THE AMOUNT OF TIME BETWEEN THE EVOLUTION
(OR FIRST APPEARANCE) OF A SPECIES AND THE
EXTINCTION (OR DISAPPEARANCE) OF A SPECIES IS
CALLED ITS GEOLOGIC RANGE.

 MANY SPECIES OF MICRO-ORGANISMS HAVE SHORT

GEOLOGIC RANGES, AND WERE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED
IN THE OCEANS.

 THE MICROFOSSILS SERVE AS GOOD INDEX FOSSILS

OR TOOLS FOR WORLDWIDE TIME CORRELATION.
 MICROFOSSILSARE OFTEN USED FOR
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION.

 THISMEANS THAT BY STUDYING THE

MICROFOSSILS PRESENT IN
DIFFERENT OUTCROPS, IT IS
POSSIBLE TO CORRELATE THE
SECTION.
 MICROFOSSILS HAVE BEEN USED FOR
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION WITH GREAT
SUCCESS IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY.
 IN DRILL CORES HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OF
FEET LONG, THERE ARE MANY BEDS WITH THE
SAME ROCK TYPE, BUT EACH BED HAS A
UNIQUE ASSEMBLAGE OF MICROFOSSIL
SPECIES. THUS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO CORRELATE
SEVERAL CORES USING THE SPECIES OF
MICROFOSSILS PRESENT IN EACH BED.
PEMBAGIAN JENIS MIKROFOSIL
 CONTOH MIKROFOSIL
GOLONGAN BINATANG

 SKELET RADIOLARIA,
 TEST FORAMINIFERA,
 CANGKANG OSTRACODA,
 CONODONTA,
Contoh Mikrofosil Golongan Binatang:
 SKELET RADIOLARIA:
 RADIOLARIA

 GEOLOGIC RANGE: CAMBRIAN TO RECENT

 SHELL COMPOSITION: SILICA (AMORPHOUS, OPALINE SILICA)
 SIZE: 0.1 - 2.0 MM
 SIGNIFICANCE: USEFUL IN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; THEY
ACCUMULATE TO FORM RADIOLARIAN OOZE ON THE ABYSSAL
PLAIN.
 MORPHOLOGY: MICROSCOPIC SPINY GLOBES WITH LARGE, LACE-
LIKE PORES, OR HELMET-SHAPED (OR SPACE-SHIP SHAPED)
WITH LARGE, LACE-LIKE PORES. VERY TRANSPARENT AND
GLASSY.
 ENVIRONMENT: MARINE ONLY; PLANKTONIC.
Contoh Mikrofosil Golongan Binatang:
 TEST FORAMINIFERA:
 FORAMINIFERA

 GEOLOGIC RANGE (BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA): CAMBRIAN TO RECENT.

GEOLOGIC RANGE (PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA): JURASSIC-RECENT.
 SHELL COMPOSITION: CALCITE OR ARAGONITE. SOME HAVE SHELLS
WITH CEMENTED GRAINS.
 SIZE: 0.1 - 3.0 MM (SOME LARGER; UP TO 1 CM OR MORE)
 SIGNIFICANCE: SOURCE OF CARBONATE SEDIMENT; USEFUL IN
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND MARINE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL
INTERPRETATION; PALEOTEMPERATURE DETERMINATION FROM OXYGEN
ISOTOPE RATIOS OF THEIR SHELLS.
 MORPHOLOGY: MICROSCOPIC SHELL WHICH MAY BE COILED, STRAIGHT,
GLOBULAR, ETC. (WIDE RANGE OF SHAPES.)
 ENVIRONMENT: MARINE; BENTHIC AND PLANKTONIC; LARGE ONES ARE
BENTHIC.
Contoh Mikrofosil Golongan Binatang:
 CANGKANG OSTRACODA:
 OSTRACODES (Phylum Arthropoda)
 GEOLOGIC RANGE: CAMBRIAN TO
RECENT.
 SHELL COMPOSITION:
CALCAREOUS (SOME ORGANIC)
 SIZE: 0.5 - 3.0 MM (SOME LARGER)
 SIGNIFICANCE: USEFUL IN
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND
PALEOENVIRONMENTAL
INTERPRETATION.
 MORPHOLOGY: MICROSCOPIC
SHRIMP-LIKE ANIMAL INSIDE A
CLAM-LIKE SHELL CONSISTING OF
TWO VALVES (SHELL HALVES),
WITH A DORSAL HINGE.
 ENVIRONMENT: MARINE AND NON-
MARINE (FRESH, BRACKISH AND
HYPERSALINE); MOST BENTHIC
 CONTOH MIKROFOSIL
GOLONGAN TUMBUHAN

 TEST DIATOMAE
 POLLEN
 DINOFLAGELATA
Contoh Mikrofosil Golongan Tumbuhan:
 TEST DIATOMAE:
 DIATOMS

 GEOLOGIC RANGE: CRETACEOUS TO RECENT

 SHELL COMPOSITION: SILICA
 SIZE: MOST ARE 0.05 - 0.02 MM (SOME UP TO 1 MM)
 SIGNIFICANCE: USEFUL IN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL
INTERPRETATION; MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF DIATOMITE OR DIATOMACEOUS
EARTH; AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE FOOD CHAIN (PHYTOPLANKTON). MOST
ABUNDANT PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE MODERN OCEAN.
 MORPHOLOGY: "PILLBOX" SHAPE, CONSISTING OF TWO VALVES (SHELLS)
WHICH MAY BE CIRCULAR, TRIANGULAR, OR ELONGATE. CIRCULAR FORMS
HAVE RADIAL ORNAMENTATION. ELONGATE FORMS HAVE TRANSVERSE
MARKINGS. THEY ARE COVERED WITH PORES
 ENVIRONMENT: BOTH MARINE AND NON-MARINE. PLANKTONIC OR
ATTACHED.
Contoh Mikrofosil Golongan Tumbuhan:

 Calcareous
Nannofossil
 COCCOLITHOPHORES
(CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON)
 GEOLOGIC RANGE: EARLY JURASSIC TO
RECENT
 SHELL COMPOSITION: CALCITE
 SIZE: 0.002 - 0.02 MM (2 - 20 µM). THEY
ARE SO SMALL THAT THEY MUST BE
STUDIED WITH AN ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE. WE WILL LOOK AT PHOTOS
IN LAB.
 SIGNIFICANCE: THE BASE OF THE MARINE
FOOD CHAIN (PHYTOPLANKTON); USEFUL
IN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY.
 MORPHOLOGY: ORGANISM IS SPHERICAL
TO SUB- SPHERICAL AND COVERED BY
CIRCULAR PLATES CALLED COCCOLITHS.
COCCOLITHS MAY RESEMBLE A BUTTON
OR A DAISY WITH PETAL-LIKE
ORNAMENTATION AROUND THE EDGE.
 ENVIRONMENT: MARINE ONLY;
EXCLUSIVELY PLANKTONIC.
Contoh Mikrofosil Golongan Tumbuhan:
 POLLEN:
 POLLEN AND SPORES (unicellular reproductive
structures of multicellular plants)
 GEOLOGIC RANGES:
 SPORES (FROM ALGAE, FUNGI, MOSSES AND FERNS): SILURIAN
TO RECENT
 POLLEN FROM GYMNOSPERMS (CONIFERS, GINKGOES):
PENNSYLVANIAN TO RECENT
 POLLEN FROM ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS):
CRETACEOUS TO RECENT
 COMPOSITION: ORGANIC MATERIAL (SPOROPOLLENIN)
 SIZE: 0.02 - 0.08 µM; SOME TO 0.2 MM
 SIGNIFICANCE: USEFUL IN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, AND
PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND PALEOCLIMATIC INTERPRETATIONS.
 MORPHOLOGY: GLOBULAR OR SPHEROIDAL. SOME POLLEN IS
SHAPED LIKE "MICKEY MOUSE" EARS.
 ENVIRONMENT: POLLEN AND SPORES COME FROM LAND PLANTS.
FOSSILS ARE FOUND IN CONTINENTAL AND TRANSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS.
3 TAHAPAN UTAMA DALAM MELAKUKAN
PENELITIAN MIKROFOSIL:
SEJARAH MIKROPALEONTOLOGI:
 HERODOTUS (500BC)
 STRABON (-58-25AD)
 AGRICOLA (1546), GESSER (1565), SCHEUCHZER (1702),
R. HOOKE (1635-1703)
 ANTON VAN LEEWENHOOK (1632-1723)
 BECCARIUS (1731), JANNUS PLANCIS (1739)
 CH. DE LINNE (1758)
 LAMARCK (1912)
 ALCIDE D’ORBIGNY
 FELIX DUJARDIN