Entrepreneurship Chapter 1 To 4

ST.
JOSEPH UNIVERSITY
IN TANZANIA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Eng. Dr. L.J.Kerefu

2020
1.0 PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.1 General definition
1.1.1 Entrepreneurship
• Entrepreneurship is the capacity and willingness to develop,
organize and manage a business venture along with any of
its risks in order to make a profit.
• Entrepreneurship Involves:
• Taking calculated risks
• Ambitious
• Ability to use resource/opportunity for creating or adding
value
1.1 General definition (Cont…)
1.1.2 Engineering entrepreneurship
•Engineering (or Technology) Entrepreneurship is the

organization, management and assumption of the risk of
an engineering (or technology) business or enterprise.
•Thus training on Engineering Entrepreneurship provides

students with a skillset that will be attractive to many
businesses and industries.
1.0 PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.1 General definition (Cont…)
1.1.2 Engineering entrepreneurship
• For example, students studying Engineering Entrepreneurship might
easily become entrepreneurs in:
Engineering Product Development
Technical Sales and Marketing
Field Services Engineering
Project Management
Technology Commercialization
Supply Chain Management
Jobs dealing with company value, optimizing cost, managing customer
relations
1.2 Evolution of entrepreneurship

•Entrepreneurs have shaped the face of business and enterprise since
the dawn of man.
•From the first wheel to the advent of the internet, these clever
business people evolved for centuries into their most recent
incarnation, the social media entrepreneur.
•What is origin of entrepreneurship?
•The word “entrepreneur” originates from a thirteenth-century French
verb, “entreprendre”, meaning “to do something” or “to undertake.”
•By the sixteenth century, the noun form, entrepreneur, was being
used to refer to someone who undertakes a business venture
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.2 Evolution of entrepreneurship (Cont…)
1.2.1 Historical evolution of entrepreneurship
a. Hunting Stage - Primary stage of the evolution of economic life of man was
hunting stage. Producers were the consumers also. No problems of
production and distribution.
b. Pastoral stage – With the progress of mankind, they started to breed and
rear animals instead of killing them. Surplus milk, meat and other related
products were kept for exchange. This was the first stage of economic
development and the beginning of commerce.
c. Agriculture stage – Beginning of production of food crops for animals
and also for themselves. Started living together in their agricultural fields,
small villages. Started exchange of goods and division of labour
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.2.1 Historical evolution of entrepreneurship
d. Handcraft stage – introduction of cloths made of cotton products. Demand
for gold coins, silver coins, skin and hide increased. Activities of gold smiths
and black smiths, laborers also increased rapidly.
e. Industrial stage – The use of mechanical devices and commonly acceptable
form of monetary system accelerated the growth of entrepreneurship activities.
The progress of science and the increase in the means of transportation and
communication enabled travelling and market development.
f. 1st Industrial revolution – Introduction of water and steam powered
mechanical manufacturing facilities. The biggest changes came in the industries
in the form of mechanization
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.2.1 Historical evolution of entrepreneurship (Cont…)
g) 2nd Industrial revolution – massive technological advancments
in the field of industries that helped the emergence of a new
source of energy. Electricity, gas, and oil. The creation of the
internal combustion engine, the development for steel
demand, chemical synthesis and methods of
communication such as the telegraph and the telephone.
Finally, the inventions of the automobile and the plane,
introduction of mass production. the Second Industrial
Revolution is considered the most important one!
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
h) 3rd Industrial revolution - the emergence of nuclear
energy, the rise of electronics, telecommunications and
of course computers. Through the new technologies,
the third industrial revolution opened the doors to
space expeditions, research, and biotechnology.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Robots
helped give rise to an era of high-level automation.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
g 4th Industrial revolution - the fusion of advances in internet of things
(IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, quantum computing, drone
technology, 3D printing, genetic engineering, and other emerging
technologies. The IoT being the network of physical devices, vehicles,
home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables the same to connect,
collect and exchange data.
When the dust settles a hundred years from now, the innovations that are going to be remembered
are the ones that tackled the biggest challenges in the most revolutionary ways, so think twice
before you devote your life to working full-time on your next idea .
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.2.2 Technological evolution of entrepreneurship
• Technology has evolved entrepreneurship enormously shrinking
the world into a small village. The following are some
technological evolution of entrepreneurship;
a) Investment transformation - External business funding has
been transformed such that in this digital age entrepreneurs
have access to external business funding
b) Market transformation – Free market access, understanding
of marketing industry and global competition in the same
market.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.2.2 Technological evolution of entrepreneurship (Cont…)
c) Accessibility to knowledge – Information age has given all access
to knowledge on line such that anyone can be an entrepreneur.
d) Entrepreneur Transformation – Entrepreneurs have evolved from
middle age (average 45) to young ones (average 22). E.g Robert
Noyce started Dell at 41 and Charles Voovidhya started REDBULL
at 61 but in the current generation Mark Zuckerberg started
Facebook at 19 while Evan Spiegel started Snap chart at 22.
Furthermore, there are now more women entrepreneurs, about
30%.
Entrepreneurship is more democratic, accessible, inclusive and diverse
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.3 Characteristics of entrepreneurship
1.3.1 Definition
• Entrepreneurship is defined as a context-dependent social process
which starts with the originating and marketing of new businesses
where the common motive is profit maximization
• The indications of the entrepreneurship process include creativity,
risk-taking, innovation and market-niching
• Entrepreneurship can be of varying degrees and is not necessarily
alike. It can be categorized into various subcategories, starting with
small and home businesses to multidimensional industries that were
started from the ground level.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.3.2 Characteristics of entrepreneurship
• Ideally speaking, anyone who has the capacity to start a venture and undertake
risks can become an entrepreneur. But not all entrepreneurs are successful.
There are certain characteristics of entrepreneurship that make for a successful
venture.
a) Ability to take Risks
This is the first and foremost trait of entrepreneurship. Starting any
business involves a considerable amount of risk of failure. Therefore,
the courage and capacity to take the said risk are essential for an
entrepreneur.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1.3.2 Characteristics of entrepreneurship (Cont…)
b) Innovation
• Innovation basically means generating a new idea with which you
can start a business and achieve a substantial amount of profits.
• Innovation can be in the form of a product, i.e., launching a
product that no one is selling in the market. It can also be in the
form of process, i.e., doing the same work in a more efficient and
economical way.
• Example of product innovation could be the launching of touch screen cell
phones when the world was still using a keypad on cell phones.
• Process innovation can be seen in capital-intensive industries that have to
replace manual labour with machines, therefore, increasing their production
and reducing their costs.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
c) Visionary
Every entrepreneur needs to be a visionary. Without a vision for the future of
his venture, he or she would just be working aimlessly without reaching any
point of success.
d) Leadership
An entrepreneur uses people to turn his/her vision into reality. He is required
to posses leadership characteristics which will provides the required direction
to the efforts of the employees. Without proper leadership, everyone would
be working independently without achieving the desired results.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
e) Open Minded
• A good entrepreneur realizes that every situation can be a business
opportunity. Thus can be utilized for the benefit of the organization. For
example, Paytm realized the significance of demonetization and recognized
that the need for online transactions was more than ever during this time
and so it utilized and grew massively during this period.
f) Confident and Well Informed
• An entrepreneur needs to be confident about his ideas and skills. This
confidence also inspires the confidence of the people working for him as
well as the other stakeholders involved in his business.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DISCUSSION
Q: Are the characteristics of entrepreneurship inherent or can they be
learned?
• Answer: It is often debated that some entrepreneurial qualities like
leadership and confidence are inherent. Many believe that these can be
learned over time with learning, practice, and application in real world
situations.
• The most practical example of this could be that no one is born a leader or
confident. They become so over time. This is due to their family and social
surroundings. It can also be because of the situations that they have been
exposed to in their respective lives.
1.4 Types of entrepreneurship
Various types exists according to the following basis:
1.4.1 BASED ON THE TYPE OF BUSINESS
a)Trading Entrepreneur: undertake the trading activities. They procure the

finished products from the manufacturers and sell these to the customers
directly or through a retailer.
b) Manufacturing Entrepreneur: manufacture products. Identify the needs of the

customers and, then, explore the resources and technology to be used to
manufacture the products to satisfy the customers’ needs.
c) Agricultural Entrepreneur: undertake agricultural activities covering a wide
range like cultivation, marketing of agricultural produce, irrigation,
mechanization, and technology.
1.4.2 BASED ON THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY:
a) Technical Entrepreneur: establish and run science and technology-based
industries. Make use of science and technology in their enterprises. Use new
and innovative methods of production.
b) Non-Technical Entrepreneur: They are concerned with the use of alternative
and imitative methods of marketing and distribution strategies to make their
business survive and thrive in the competitive market.
1.4.3 BASED ON OWNERSHIP:
a) Private Entrepreneur: sets up a business enterprise as an individual. He / she
it’s the sole owner of the enterprise and bears the entire risk involved in it.
b) State Entrepreneur: trading or industrial venture undertaken by the State or
the Government.
c) Joint Entrepreneurs: private entrepreneur and the Government jointly run a
business enterprise.
1.4.4 BASED ON GENDER:
a) Men Entrepreneurs: owned, managed, and controlled by men
b) Women Entrepreneurs: owned and controlled by a woman or women having
a minimum financial interest of 51 % of the capital and giving at least 51 % of
employment generated in the enterprises to women
1.4.5 BASED ON THE SIZE OF ENTERPRISE:
a) Small-Scale Entrepreneur: makes investment in small plant and machinery.
b) Medium-Scale Entrepreneur: makes investment in medium plant and
machinery
c) Large-Scale entrepreneur: makes investment in large scale plant and
machinery
1.4.6 OTHER TYPES
a) Innovating Entrepreneurs: introduce new goods, inaugurate new method of
production, discover new market and reorganize the enterprise.
b) Imitative Entrepreneurs: characterized by readiness to adopt successful
innovations inaugurated by innovating entrepreneurs
1.5. The importance of entrepreneurship

• Entrepreneurship helps in poverty reduction when it is creating
employment by creating new markets, new industries, innovative
technology, new institutional forms, new jobs and net increases in real
• Seven Roles
1.5.1 Wealth Creation and Sharing: By establishing the business entity,
entrepreneurs invest their own resources and attract capital (in the
form of debt, equity (Value of a company divided into many equal parts
owned by the shareholders), etc.) from investors, lenders and the public.
This kind of pooled capital that results in wealth creation and
distribution is one of the basic imperatives and goals of economic
development.
1.5. The importance of entrepreneurship (Cont…)

1.5.2. Jobs Creation: Entrepreneurs are by nature and definition job creators, as
opposed to job seekers.
1.5.3. Balanced Regional Development: Entrepreneurs setting up new businesses

and industrial units help with regional development by locating in less developed
and backward areas.
1.5.4. GDP and Per Capita Income: India’s MSME sector, comprised of 36 million
units that provide employment for more than 80 million people, now accounts for
over 37% of the country’s GDP. They make use of resources like land, labor and
capital to develop products and services that add to the national income. (In Tz
3m smes contributing to 27% of overall GDP 2017). Population India 1.339b, China
1,386b, USA 325.7b

• GDP – Gross Domestic Product - a monetary measure of the market value of all the
final goods and services produced in a period of time often annually or quarterly.
Commonly used to determine the economic performance of the whole country and
to make international comparison.
• Per capita income (PCI) or average income measures the average

income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified
year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population. (USD
Tz 936.33, Ug 604.04, Ken 1,507.81 Eth 767.56 USA 59,531.66, UK 39,720.44 Japan
38,428.10, China 8,826.99(2017))
1.5.5. Standard of Living: Entrepreneurs create jobs, develop and adopt innovations

that lead to improvements in the quality of life. For example, transformation from
manual to automation that reduces production costs.

1.5.5. Standard of Living: Entrepreneurs create jobs, develop and adopt
innovations that lead to improvements in the quality of life. For example,
transformation from manual to automation that reduces production costs.
1.5.6. Exports: Entrepreneurs exports to expand their business to foreign

markets which are bigger and leads to currency inflows and access to the
latest cutting-edge technologies and processes being used in more
developed foreign markets.

1.5.7.Community Development: Community development requires
infrastructure for education and training, healthcare, and other public
services.
2.0 THEORIES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
2.1 Definition of theories of entrepreneurship

• Theories of entrepreneurship are very essential as
they help to explain what entrepreneurship entails.
• Theories of entrepreneurship can be defined as
substantial explanations focusing on the individual
and the mental or emotional elements that
drive entrepreneurial individuals - including
economics, psychology, sociology, innovation etc.
2.2 A list some of the theories of entrepreneurship

2.2.1 Economic theory
2.2.2 Sociological theory
2.2.3 Entrepreneurship Innovation theory
2.2.4 Psychological theory
2.2.5 Theory of high achievement/Theory of achievement
motivation
2.2.6 Resource based theories
2.2.7 Opportunity based theory
2.2.8 Status withdrawal theory
2.3 Explanation some of the theories of entrepreneurship

2.3.1 Economic theory
• This theory asserts that the economy and entrepreneurship are closely
linked together i.e entrepreneurship and economic growth can only work
when the economic conditions are favorable.
• This theory states that entrepreneurs find motivation in the presence of
economic incentives which include industrial policy, policies of taxation,
financial and resource sources, availability of infrastructure, investment
opportunities, marketing opportunities, availability of information
regarding the conditions of the market and technology among others .
• An entrepreneur is therefore a risk taker because he can never fully
predict about the favorability of the economic conditions in future.
2.3 Explanation of theories of entrepreneurship

2.3.2 Psychological Theory
• According to this theory, an entrepreneur experiences
growth when the society has several individuals with the
necessary psychological characteristics.
• These characteristics include having a vision, being able to
face opposition and having the need to achieve highly.
• A person can only possess these traits during their
upbringing, when they excel, when they are self-reliant and
when there is low father dominance.
2.3 Explanation of theories of entrepreneurship

2.3.3 Sociological Theory
• This is also among the contemporary theories of entrepreneurship.
• It argues that the success of an entrepreneur is affected by their
social culture.
• They are more likely to achieve growth in particular social settings.
• Among the social aspects that affect an entrepreneur include the
social values, customs, taboos, religious beliefs and other cultural
activities.
• He or she has to conform to the social expectations when carrying
out their business.
3.0 BUSINESS ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
3.1 Definitions
3.1.1 Business Ethics
• Business ethics is a subject that deals with moral guidelines and
good corporate governance.
• Business ethics can be defined as the principles and standards that
determine acceptable conduct in business organizations.
• Business ethics is very important in business because it builds trust
and confidence in business relationships. Business ethics is essential
for the company and its success.
• Companies are supposed to set high standards and adhere to
certain common business practices.
3.1 Definitions
3.1.2 Business Behaviour
• Behavior is the actions and mannerisms made by individuals,
organisms, systems or artificial entities in conjunction with
themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems
or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical
environment.
• Example: Some different types of communication behavior include:
aggressive, assertive, passive, and passive-aggressive.
• Business behaviour or Corporate behaviour is the actions of
a company or group who are acting as a single body. It defines
the company's ethical strategies and describes the image of
the company.
3.1 Definitions
3.1.3 Business Professionalism
• Professionalism is defined as skill or behavior that goes beyond
what an ordinary person would have or behaving in a more formal or
business-like manner. An example of professionalism is an engineer
who shows the skill customary for an engineering undertaking.
• Professionalism encompasses a worker's behavior, appearance,
and workplace ethics. Employees who have high standards
of professionalism are frequently perceived as being more credible
and reliable than their co-workers. As a result, professional
employees are frequently regarded as company leaders.
3.1 Definitions
3.1.3 Business Professionalism
Therefore with Professionalism we can see
• A specific style of behavior in the workplace
• Values and professional roles
Exhibited in behavior – e.g Respect for self and for
others, Know – how, Mature responsibility, Problem
solving perseverance etc.
3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

• The difference between Business and Entrepreneurship is based on their
focus. The main focus of a Businessman is not on innovation, but more
on making sure a company is making profit. Entrepreneurship on the
contrary focus on generating new value, and this value could be social,
emotional, aesthetic and/or financial.
• A businessperson stays with a traditional method of
doing business whereas an entrepreneur does his business in
unconventional ways.
• A businessperson focuses on competition, an entrepreneur focuses on
cooperation.
• A businessperson mostly has active income and profit.
An entrepreneur mostly has passive income or profit.

3.2.1 On the originality of idea
• A businessman can make a business out of an unoriginal
business or product idea. He enters into existing businesses,
such as franchising and retailing. He chooses a hot and
profitable business idea regardless of whether it is his original
idea or borrowed from someone else.
• An entrepreneur is an inventor and the first creator of a
product. He invests time, energy and money on his own idea.
He doesn’t start a business from an unoriginal idea. That is why
he starts on a startup while a businessman starts on a business.

3.2.2 On the purpose of doing
• Most businessmen are doing business for profit, livelihood, for
reaching their financial goals, and for becoming their own boss.
Though, there are some business people who are not profit-oriented
but people-oriented, that is, they are more concerned on the
welfare of their workers and the satisfaction of their customers.
• Entrepreneurs are more concerned on changing the world. They
want to pursue their passion and achieve an ultimate goal. They are
not keen on financial returns, rather they are focused on what they
can offer to the world. Their purpose for entrepreneurship is simply
to make a difference in this world.

3.2.3 On the degree of risks taken
• Businessmen take calculated and managed risks. They cannot
afford to lose money and suffer from bankruptcy. That is why
they always do the Math when it comes to business.
• Entrepreneurs are like sky divers. They take crazy risks. They
often don’t care of losing time and money just to pursue their
passion. But since they do it with love, joy and passion, they
often gain extraordinary rewards. Entrepreneurs, since they do
the things they love the most, they do it with the best of
themselves, resulting to greater success.

3.2.4 On how he treats employees
• A business owner is an employer and a manager. He hires
employees and workers to help his business grow.
• An entrepreneur is a friend and a leader. He finds peers and
PEOPLE, whom he will never treat as machines. He invites them to
help them grow.
3.2.5 On how he treats customers
• A business owner usually sees customers as his source of sales and
revenues. For him, customers are the lifeblood of his business.
• An entrepreneur sees customers as his source of duty and
fulfillment. For him, customers are his own life blood.

3.2.6 On how he sees the competition
• A business owner tries hard to beat his competitors and win the competition.
He also considers cooperation rather than competition to achieve certain
goals.
• An entrepreneur tries hard to beat his worst competitor – himself.
3.2.7 On what he thinks of money
• Losing money is one of the biggest worries of businessmen. Most business
owners rely on a good economy to start, operate and attain success in
business, especially in the retail, franchising and financing industry.
• Entrepreneurs do not worry a lot about money since they can always start
from a scratch. Some entrepreneurs don’t really care about money at all.

3.2.8 On how he deals with time
• A businessman doesn’t waste time. He always check the clock and
doesn’t want any work or output to be delayed out of schedule. He is fast
and always on the go.
• An entrepreneur works like an artist or a scientist in a lab. His product is
his masterpiece. That is why he can be slow and could spend a longer
period of time to finish and perfect his product.
3.2.9 On how he sees the world
• A businessman sees the world as an opportunity. He sees it as an
opportunity to make a living. He also sees it as an opportunity help the
people living on it.
• An entrepreneur sees the world as a duty rather than an opportunity.

3.2.10 On how he defines success
• A businessman defines success as the success of his business and its
stakeholders. Its stakeholders include himself, co-owners, employees,
customers, investors, and even his community.
• An entrepreneur doesn’t define success. He simply do his job and let history
defines the success that he accomplished. Remember that this list is only
according to my own opinion, and I don’t mean to put one of them on top of
the other.
Both businessmen and entrepreneurs are supposed to be the kind of people that
our world needs. A businessman needs an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur may
also need a businessman. There can also be a person who is partly a
businessman and partly an entrepreneur.
3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

10 Characteristics of Successful Engineers [Infographic]
• Teamwork. Teamwork drives the successful completion of a project.
• Knowledge update or Continuous learning. Technology and methodologies are
constantly changing, and nowhere is this truer than in engineering
• Practical
• Creativity /inquisitive
• Problem solving
• Analytical ability
• Communication skills
• Logical thinking and reasoning
• Attention to detail.

3.3.1. Problem-Solving
• This is perhaps the most desirable skill in an engineer since
problems are exactly what they solve.
• A competent engineer is someone who meticulously studies
the problem presented, comprehending it completely, and
then applying their analytical skills to locate the very root of
it.
• This whole process is the application of problem-solving
skills and is clearly a must-have for any engineer who wants
to excel in his / her profession.

3.3.2. Knowledge Update
• As they say; ‘Knowledge is power’! Today’s world is evolving
at a serious pace and everyone is encouraged to keep
themselves updated as much as possible, especially
engineers.
• If an engineer wants to be able to come up with solutions
based upon recent developments in the industry, he/she
must develop a habit of reviewing latest research and
inventions in his/her related field and accumulate as much
knowledge as possible.

3.3.3 Practical
• One of the most popular debates in the engineering profession is the
relative importance of theoretical and practical knowledge.
• There is obviously no definite formula to assess their relationship,
but it would be foolish to say that a proficient engineer does not
possess both these qualities.
• A very practical engineer for example, is not only more equipped
with real-time problems, but is much more likely to develop
workable solutions because of his/her practical experience.
• Hence, it is advised every engineer out there to feel no shame in
getting his/her hands dirty; it builds your practical skills.

3.3.4 Inquisitive/creative
• Engineers are most often the people who know what technical
problems exist in various walks of life.
• Engineers who are inquisitive and curious about these problems
that they observe every day are constantly thinking about them
and looking for ways to get rid of them, to create solutions.
• It’s this mental investment that makes them better than the rest
since they are already one step ahead of their counterparts.
• It is usually this class of engineers that gain a reputation for
being creative inventors.

3.3.5 Communication/Interpersonal Skills
• Engineers are not people who spend all their time at a desk,
solving math problems. Instead, they are people who manage
human and monetary resources, collaborate with various
professionals, and lead diverse teams. In such a case, it is
expected that engineers must have great interpersonal skills, so
they can smoothly perform these non-technical duties
conferred upon them.
• A person who is a fluent speaker, charismatic leader, and friendly
– is generally well-liked by people.
• Everyone should strive to be that person.

Final Thoughts
• It’s clear that engineers are assets to society, and that
without their skills, we might still be living in the past.
• Therefore, every young engineer who aims to rise above
their class must work hard to develop the characteristics
discussion above.
• With all engineers working towards developing these
attributes in them, we humans can be ushered into an era of
progress that has never been seen before.

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

• Professionalism has to do with the way a person
conducts himself or herself in the workplace.
• An individual who shows consideration and respect
for others demonstrates a commitment to
professionalism.
• Likewise, a person who keeps his or her word,
demonstrates loyalty, and exceeds expectations is
demonstrating professionalism.

Key elements of professional attitude
• There are key elements that demonstrate a professional attitude.
They include the following:
3.4.1 Treat Others with Respect
• Speak to everyone that comes in contact with and makes it a point
to know the staff members' names.
• Never get angry or upset, even when you have to handle problems.
• Remain calm and speaks respectfully to everyone who
communicates with.
• As a result, employees respect her and are anxious to help her in any
way they possibly can.

3.4.1 Treat Others with Respect (Cont…)
• BUT if you have a reputation for being rude and demanding to
employees.
• You rarely speaks to people you pass in the hallway, and frequently you
are heard yelling when upset.
• You make inappropriate comments to his team members, calling them
names and telling them they are terrible at their jobs.
• You are even been heard yelling at customers and vendors on the
phone.
• As a result, your employees will avoid communicating with you and do
the bare minimum to keep their jobs.

• Language is an important aspect of communication whether you
are talking with a coworker in the privacy of your own office or to a
customer.
• Practice using language that is appropriate for the workplace in
your everyday conversations so that you get into the habit of
sounding professional.
• The way you talk says a lot about you and your level of
professionalism. Everything from the words you use to the topics
you talk about leads people to form an opinion about you.

• Remember, once you say something, it is impossible to take those
words back and undo what you said.
• That is why it’s so important to watch what you say in the
workplace. You never know who is listening and how they might
react to what you say.
• Think about these workplace language tips:
 Keep politics at home
 Avoid swearing
 Keep topics at work appropriate

• Treating co-workers, employees, customers, vendors,
and managers with respect is a vital aspect of
demonstrating professionalism.
• Some ways to show respect are using the appropriate
tone and words while communicating, focusing on the
other person while speaking, and maintaining a calm
demeanor even if the other person becomes angry.

3.4.2. Self management/personal responsibility
• Even though you will likely have a supervisor managing over you
in your job, you will be expected to use self-management skills.
• Supervisors want employees who can work independently and
manage themselves so that they can focus on their own work.
• Self-management means that you manage your own time and
talents in order to reach your goals.
• In order to self-manage yourself you need to follow all
workplace rules and expectations.

• Personal responsibility is critical to your success in the workplace.
Personal responsibility means being responsible for your actions,
words and, ultimately, your performance at work.
• Personally responsible employees understand that they are in full
control of themselves.
• The good news is, this means that only you can take credit for your
successes. On the other hand, it also means that only you can take
the blame for your failures.

• Think about these examples of personal responsibility:
Admitting you made a mistake (and learning from it)
Taking credit for successful projects
Following-through on projects and tasks

3.4.3 Keep Your Word/Integrity
• Professionalism is based on trust.
• Whether a company makes a commitment, a team promises
something, or an individual says they will do something,
keeping that commitment is fundamental to exhibiting
professionalism.
• Is there a valid reason why you couldn't keep your word?
Likely, but being professional means eliminating excuses
and following through on what you said you would do.

3.4.3 Keep Your Word/Integrity (Cont…)
• Nothing leaves a worse taste in a person's mouth than to feel that
they were lied to or to feel that a person didn't follow through on
their word.
3.4.4 Be Loyal
• There will always be someone willing to undermine colleagues and
step on others to go ahead. These people are not professional.
They lose trust and respect and often stifle their own career
progression.
• On the other hand if you help, recognize and support others you
will be regarded as a loyal professional person.

3.4.5 Workplace Ethics
• Just as it is important to be ethical in everyday life, it is
important to be ethical in the workplace.
• Ethics are moral principles that help you decide between
right and wrong. Ethics are the unwritten rules that you
refer to when figuring out how to make a good decision.
• When you find yourself at the crossroads between right and
wrong, your code of ethics should lead you down the right
path. Sometimes it’s easy to do the right thing. The situation
is black and white and the ethical solution is obvious.

3.4.5 Workplace Ethics (Cont…)
• Other times, the ethical thing to do is not so obvious. The solution
might be hidden within some grey area. In situations like these, the
stronger your ethics, the easier it will be to make the right
decision.
• Think about these workplace ethics tips:
Always follow company policy and report anything that doesn’t
follow policy
Ask for help if you’re not sure how to handle a situation
Your workplace and personal ethics may differ a little bit and
that’s okay

3.4.6 Physical Appearance
• You only have 7 seconds to make a first impression to
someone. Once someone has an impression of you, it can be
hard to change it.
• Your physical appearance is one of the biggest factors that
people consider when forming an impression of you.
• Even though physical appearance is not the best way to
judge a person’s character, it is human nature to form an
opinion based on what we see in front of us.

3.4.6 Physical Appearance (Cont…)
• Customers, clients and your supervisors probably have higher
standards for your physical appearance than what you would
consider acceptable for say, a Saturday afternoon get together
with your friends.
• Think about these workplace physical appearance:
Always dress work appropriate
Maintain a high standard of personal hygiene
 Remember when you’re at work that you represent your
company

3.4.7 Competence
• You have to be good at what you do – and you must have the skills
and knowledge that enable you to do your job well.
• Demonstrate integrity, resilience, accountability and ethical
behavior.
• The ability to take initiative, maintain effective work habits
(prioritize, plan and manage work) to produce high quality results
and project a professional presence.
3.4.8 Self-Upgrading
• Rather than letting your skills or knowledge become outdated, you
seek out ways of staying current.

3.4.8 Self-Upgrading
• Increased self-confidence, learning a new skill can help you
take on new tasks at work, as well as increase your ability to
articulate to employers how you can make a difference in the
workforce.
3.4.9 Being Positive.
• No one likes to be a constant pessimist. Having an upbeat
attitude and trying to be a problem-solver makes a big
difference.

3.4.9 Being Positive (Cont…)
• Positive thinking impacts the way you think about your
work and the way your colleagues and customers see you.
• Positive thinkers also do not dwell on problems when they
arise.
3.4.10 Staying Work-Focused.
• Not letting your private life needlessly have an impact on
your job, and not spending time at work attending to
personal matters.

3.4.10 Staying Work-Focused (Cont...)
• Being focused means that you have clear goals and objectives and your
work is dedicated to achieving those goals and objectives.
• You base your decision on how you can make the most progress towards
your goals with the time and resources available.
3.4.11 Listening Carefully.
• People want to be heard, so you give people a chance to explain their ideas
adequately. You have to listen, listening is an art.
• Good listening skills make workers more productive. The ability
to listen carefully allows workers to better understand assignments they
are given. They are able to understand what is expected of them by their
management.
3.5 Relationship Between Professionalism and Ethics in Business

• There is a long‐ standing debate known as the shareholder
vs. stakeholder primacy debate which is directly relevant to
the relation between professional ethics and business ethics.
• Ethical behavior involves demonstrating respect for
key moral principles that include honesty, fairness, equality,
dignity, diversity and individual rights.
• Professionals “need to be trusted, respected, admired,
listened to. They shall be able contribute to the furthering of
human rights, equity, dignity and respect in the workplace.
• Thus professionalism and ethics in business are highly
related.
3.5 Relationship Between Professionalism and Ethics in Business

• Ethical behavior involves demonstrating respect for
key moral principles that include honesty, fairness, equality,
dignity, diversity and individual rights. These moral
principles are also required to be demonstrated in
professionalism.
4.0 DISTINCTION BETWEEN TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS AND THEIR COMPETENCIES
4.1 Definition of Entrepreneur and competence

4.1.1 Entrepreneur
Who is an Entrepreneur ?
• An entrepreneur is one who creates a new business in the
face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving
profit and growth by identifying significant opportunities
and assembling the necessary resources to capitalize on
them.
• Although many people come up with great business ideas,
most of them never act on their ideas. Entrepreneurs do.

4.1.2 Entrepreneurial Competence
• Entrepreneurial competencies can be defined as
underlying characteristics possessed by a person,
which result in new venture creation.
• These characteristics include knowledge, skills and
positive personality profile that may or may not be
known to the person and may be described as
follows:-

4.1.2 Entrepreneurial Competence (Cont…)
• Knowledge:
• Technical
• Enterprise Management
• Skills:
• Technical/ Vocational
• Soft skills such as communication, time management etc
• Positive Personality Profile:
• Personal abilities, motives, traits, social roles, good self image.
4.2 Difference Between Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship

• An entrepreneur is someone who locates the need, problem and
challenge of society and tries to meet that need, problem and
challenge, with his/her innovative idea.
• On the other hand, ‘entrepreneurship’ which refers to the process
of establishing a business entity, intending to get profit, as a return
in the future.
4.3 Types of Entrepreneur Competencies

• Entrepreneurial behaviour is the result of a combination of:
Strong motivation to achieve something; and
The capabilities to achieve it.
• There are three types of competencies, which all entrepreneurs
need:
a) Personal competencies: creativity, determination, integrity,
determination, emotional balance and self-criticism.
b) Interpersonal competencies: communication,
engagement/charisma, delegation, respect.
c) Business competencies: business vision, resource management,
networking, negotiating skills.
4.4 Entrepreneur Skills

Ten skills you need to have as an entrepreneur:
a) Curiosity. Great entrepreneurs discover new problems, reveal
potential niche opportunities, refactor their original business process,
and innovate.
b) Time management. Careful priority planning, defining milestones,
execution, and iteration with the right project management and time
allocation methodology that gets the work done.
c) Strategic thinking. Learning to decompose a problem to its core and
reveal opportunities for growth. Figuring out creative solutions and
identifying the low-hanging fruits. Defining the scope for minimum
viable product (MVP) and testing concepts within limited time and
with a low budget.

d) Efficiency. High performance when it comes to solving a problem. Applying
the 80/20 rule and other techniques for yielding higher results in less time.
Switching between different chores and progressing effectively day-to-day.
e) Resilience. Handling rejections, stress, burnouts, lack of focus, slow progress.
Determination and eagerness to fight the same dragon every morning are
instrumental when it comes to building a business from scratch.
f) Communication. Crisp and concise communication is paramount for each and
every interaction with clients, partners, peers, clients, prospects.
g) Networking. Growing a network facilitates business opportunities,
partnership deals, finding subcontractors or future employees. It expands
the horizons of PR and conveying the right message on all fronts.

h) Finance. Finance management will make or break a business.
Handling resources properly and carefully assessing investments
compared to ROI is a solid requirement for entrepreneurs.
i) Branding. Building a consistent personal and business brand
tailored to the right audience. Igniting brand awareness in new
verticals.
j) Sales. Being comfortable doing outreach and creating new
business opportunities. Finding the right sales channels that
convert better and investing heavily in developing them. Building
sales funnels and predictable revenue opportunities for growth.
4.5 Challenges Encountered by Entrepreneurs.

Every entrepreneur faces his/her own share of struggles or challenges. However,
there are some that are similar and cut across every industry, they include:-
a) Cash flow management
Cash flow is essential to small business survival, yet many entrepreneurs
struggle to pay the bills while they’re waiting for checks to arrive. Part of the
problem stems from delayed invoicing, which is common in the
entrepreneurial world.
b) Marketing strategy
Positioning product/service in such away that they will maximize on the
returns is proving to be a challenge to many entrepreneurs. This is because
some entrepreneurs are venturing into their projects completely ignorant of
the Dos and Don’ts. It is therefore recommended that you contact a proper
research and if possible have a hands-on case study. Don’t just invest blindly.

Every entrepreneur faces their own share of struggles or challenges. However,
there are some that are similar and cut across every industry, they include:-
c) Capital
You want to start or grow your business, but you have little capital to do it
with. Here, patience and proper discipline is required when it comes to cash
management. It is always estimated that your business won’t pick up in the
first three to four months. Therefore, a little patience is required. You can
also get investors or apply for a quick loan to get you started.
d) Criticism and self-doubt
As a young entrepreneur, you will find that not everyone will take you
seriously. They will tell you that you are too young to build a successful
business. As your business struggles to get off the ground, you could start to
doubt yourself.

e) Finding Customers
Even if you offer the best-quality product or service available in the market
today, your chances of failure will be high if you don’t find loyal customers.
Advertising may help you find people who will really be interested in your
product or service. If you don’t have money for ads, try to find customers
within your circle of friends or family members. Let them spread the news to
their friends as well.
f) Building a Successful Team
Hiring employees isn’t as easy as it seems. You don’t hire them for a week;
you hire them for years. They should be loyal, love their job, and agree on
the paycheck you offer. It’s also important that you respect your employees
and treat them like your colleagues and friends.

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ST.

Eng. Dr. L.J.Kerefu

•Engineering (or Technology) Entrepreneurship is the

•Thus training on Engineering Entrepreneurship provides

1.2 Evolution of entrepreneurship

Various types exists according to the following basis:

1.4.1 BASED ON THE TYPE OF BUSINESS

a)Trading Entrepreneur: undertake the trading activities. They procure the

b) Manufacturing Entrepreneur: manufacture products. Identify the needs of the

1.5. The importance of entrepreneurship

1.5. The importance of entrepreneurship (Cont…)

1.5.3. Balanced Regional Development: Entrepreneurs setting up new businesses

1.5. The importance of entrepreneurship (Cont…)

• Per capita income (PCI) or average income measures the average

1.5.5. Standard of Living: Entrepreneurs create jobs, develop and adopt innovations

1.5. The importance of entrepreneurship (Cont…)

1.5.6. Exports: Entrepreneurs exports to expand their business to foreign

2.1 Definition of theories of entrepreneurship

2.2 A list some of the theories of entrepreneurship

2.3 Explanation some of the theories of entrepreneurship

2.3 Explanation of theories of entrepreneurship

2.3 Explanation of theories of entrepreneurship

3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

3.2 Difference Between Business and Entrepreneurship

3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

3.3 Characteristics of Engineering Professionalism

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.4 Professionalism in the Work Place

3.5 Relationship Between Professionalism and Ethics in Business

3.5 Relationship Between Professionalism and Ethics in Business

4.1 Definition of Entrepreneur and competence

4.1 Definition of Entrepreneur and competence

4.1 Definition of Entrepreneur and competence