‫شجرة المستقبل من وجهة نظر‬ ‫ِ‬

‫البايوتكنلوجيست‬
‫‪A tree for the future‬‬
 pH meter
Magnetic Laminar air flow
stirrer cabinet
Microscopes
Centrifuge Sensitive balance
Liquid N2 Unit Water bath Oven
Plant growth chamber UV-UV spectrophotometer Vacuum freeze dryer
Schematic presentation of applications of plant biotechnology in
agriculture
Storage of genetic resources via Biodiversity and gene flow, Species
under threat, ----Investment of Iraqi plant wealth for new
pharmaceuticals
Suggested Plan for a Plant Biotechnology Project
General Director
Weaning Unit
Administration
Glass houses .Dept
Management Board
Plastic houses Financial
Other structures Maintenance
Legal aspects

Micropropagation Artificial seed

unit technology unit

Storage of genetic Pharmaceutical

resources and Biodiversity production unit
unit
Research and Development
.Dept
A schematic presentation showing the government’s role in
supporting biotechnological industry and production of various crops
 Steroids, food
additives, insecticides

Role of plant biotechnology in plant based

industry
.Applications of Plant Biotech
 Production of Pharmaceuticals
• Large scale, up to 10.000 liter bioreactors, No
seasonality, specific target compounds, medicine,
food preservatives, pigments, flavors, fragrance,
essential oil Increase drugs of natural
sources
increase in income. Food security.
Production of Therapeutic antibodies in plants

• In 1990, the first therapeutic protein

expressed in plants was human serum
albumin produced in tobacco and tomato
leaves.
Since then:
• over 100 pharmaceutical proteins have been
produced in plants.
• i.e. Plants are drug factories
 ,Edible Vaccines vis Molecular farming
•Gene(s) induce immunity can be expressed in
edible food Strawberry or apple rather
than injection
Accumulation of hypericin in Hypericum callus cultures
Air lift Bioreactor
• Environmental Biotechnology

• Pytoremediation?
 Phytoremediation
• Plants for cleaning up the environment
Removal of contaminants from soil, water, air,
e.g. heavy metals, CO, CO2, TNT, oil splits …etc
Healthy environment.
Conventional Remediation
Gene Banks vis Storage of Genetic Resources

•Plant tissues can be Preserved for millions of

years, thereafter can be regenerated.
•Imagine the differences between gene banks &
seed banks!!!!!!!
•Millions of $$$$ can be saved
Improving Diversity
 Biofuel vis Biogas
Landfills Methane gas # •
One kg of sunflower 37 megajoules of energy # •
One kg of crude oil 42 megajoules of energy # •

In Brazil, sugar cane Ethanol •

In U.S.A., sweet potato is a candidate for future Biofuel •
In U.S.A., 10% of highway vehicles use soya bean oil •
kg 1.5 gallon of Biofuel 8 •
Biofuel production
Algal farming for Biofuel
Fuel for your car
Fuel + Ornament
 Plant Biotechnology

A crown gall is the result of an infection by a common soil bacterium, Agrobacterium

tumifaciens. The unique properties of this bacterium have made it a useful tool in genetic
engineering of plants.
 Next Green Revolution
•Inoculation of non Legumes with Nitrogen
fixation bacteria nif genes Huge
Reduction in Nitrogen fertilizers Approx. a
reduction in farming cost by 20%.
• Agarobacterium tumefaciens as a vector for
transformation.
Strategies of gene transfer in plants
 Genetic Engineering
• Transfer of desired gene(s) to plants
• There are more than ten methods
Produced Hundreds of new varieties
Easiest and common is gene gun
Wool genes
• Manipulation of Chloroplasts (RUBISCO
enzymes) More Photosynthesis
Storage of more food.
• Manipulation of Mitochondria Reduction
in Respiration More stored food &
Longer shelf life
 Mutation Breeding
•Spontaneous & Induced Mutations
Physical & chemical mutagens New
varieties with better performance
• Manipulation of Ion Pumping & Transportation
Absorption of more ions
Better plant growth more yield
 Quality improvement
Improvement of nutritional quality of crops, •
e.g. primary metabolites, & therapeutic e.g.
secondary metabolites. Wheat, barley, maize
are low in lysine. Legumes are deficient in S
containing amino acids
Therefore Breed for such traits •