Building construction

ROOFING AND ATRIUM

•Roofs have one functional purpose:
sheltering the home from weather
conditions: whether it is rain, snow,
or sun.

•The type of roofing system that a

homeowner or contractor will cover
a home with depends on what part of
the country it
•will be built. The pitch of roofs
determines the slope--low, normal,
or steep.

•The materials of roofs vary over

time. Weather conditions play a big
part in the types of materials used
and this has a direct impact on the
cost of the roof.
Types of
roof styles

The major parts of a

house include:
•roof, windows,
walls, and
foundation.

Three other parts are

also important:
•house shape,
stories, and
columns
 FLAT ROOF

The flat roof in many instances isn’t a

totally horizontal roof. Many
commercial buildings
have slightly inclined flat roofs to allow
water to run off. The main feature about
a flat roof is
that the total roofing deck is at the same
level.
 FLAT ROOF
Most low-slope roof membranes have three principle components:
•Weatherproofing layer or layers —
the weatherproofing component is the most important element
because it keeps water from entering a roof assembly.
•Reinforcement — reinforcement adds strength, puncture resistance and
dimensional stability to a membrane.
•Surfacing — surfacing is the component that protects the weatherproofing and
reinforcement from sunlight and weather. Some surfacing provide other benefits
such as increased fire resistance, improved traffic and hail resistance, and
increased solar reflectivity.
FLAT ROOF
 FLAT ROOF
The Pros and Cons of a Flat Roof

•Advantages:
1.Flat roof construction is significantly cheaper than that of sloped roofs.
2.When inspecting a flat roof, there is less chance of falling.
3.Flat roofs are more easily accessible.

•Disadvantages:
1.Flat roof coatings are not long-lasting.
2.Consistent maintenance is required, and replacement of a flat roof is both
difficult and costly.
3.Flat roof construction is not suitable to all kinds of buildings.
 GABLE ROOF
The framework for the gable roof is a
series of rafters spaced 12 -16” inches
apart and decked with a sheathing of
plywood, oriented strand board (osb) or,
in the past,
tongue-and-groove lumber. The roof sits
on the walls that transfer the load to the
foundation.
The downside of gable roofs is that they
can act as a giant sail in the face of high
winds that can find an anchor under the
eaves. The upward pressures cause a
failure in the truss system that is
designed for downward weight.
 GABLE ROOF
Steep-slope roof systems typically are composed of individual pieces or components
installed in shingle fashion. Steep-slope roof assemblies typically consist of three
primary parts:
Roof deck —
a roof deck is the structural substrate and usually is a wood- based
material such as plywood or oriented strand board (OSB).
Underlayment —
underlayment provides temporary protection until a roof
covering is installed and provides a secondary weatherproofing
barrier. Sometimes underlayment is referred to as “felt” or “paper.”
Roof covering —
the roof covering is the external water shedding material
GABLE ROOF
 BARN ROOF
Like a gable roof except each roof side is divided
into two parts which slope in at different angles.
The upper part
of this slope maintains a shallow angle while the
lower part is quite steep. This structural design
gains headroom
on the upper level enabling more usable space. So
this design also works in homes where the upper
levels are not
encumbers by a low, sloping ceiling.
Because of their height and upper gable surface
area they also can trap winds cause them to defeat
on the gabled
ends. The good news is that the eave space is slim
so high winds cannot rip at it.
•a tie beam, (A),

•rafters (B, C),

lower rafters (B) having a
pitch of about 30 degrees,
and the upper ones (C),
about 45 degrees.

•A tie bar (D)

•tie bar (E)
•supporting post (F).
•The cross tie beam (G)
 RAW
Clay Tile Roofing MATERIAL
Today clay tile is a standard southwest roofing system and is available in many styles and colors. Although
more expensive than asphalt or even metal clay shingles will last the lifetime of the home if properly
maintained.
Pressed-Concrete Tiles
A competitor for clay tiles is the pressed-concrete roofing system. Not only can they mimic clay tiles in
design a, color and texture they can also be formed to look like wooden shakes and slate. They are also
installed like the clay tiles but lighter, more durable and cheaper. Like clay they resist fire, rot, and fatigue
and they won’t corrode.
Metal Roofing
A metal roof is becoming an increasingly popular choice. There are several types of metal roofing such as
terns (tin/steel alloy), copper, aluminum, galvanized steel, and vinyl-clad steel.Some vinyl-clad steel
manufacturers tout a life span of nearly 100 years; traditional painted aluminum or steel
may last 35 years; terne lasting up to 50 years. Another modern “upper end” choice is a copper roof for
bothdurability and appearance.
A metal roof must be flashed and fastened with the same type metal to avoid electrolytic action and
subsequent corrosion. Metal roofing is relatively expensive, but the life span of some choices can be well
worth the investment.
Asphalt Shingles
Asphalt roof shingles are the most common choice. They are available in many different
colors, are relatively easy to install, and are relatively affordable in cost. They require little
or no maintenance when new, but begin to crack and curl over time. Repairs are relatively
easy to perform. The average life span of asphalt shingles is 15 to 20 years; high-quality
shingles provides improved weather and fire resistance, and can last up to 35 years.
Cedar Shakes
Cedar shingles or cedar shakes are popular choices, but are significantly more expensive
than asphalt shingles. Cedar shingles can last more than 20 years; properly installed and
maintained, cedar shakes have a life span of 50 years or more. Left untreated, both have a
poor fire rating; they will warp, split, rot, and weather. Therefore, periodic treatment with
a product made for that purpose is recommended. Cedar shingles and shakes are neither
difficult to repair or replace.
Slate
Slate has been the mainstay of roofing for high-end homes and government buildings for
centuries. It is heavy, expensive and requires a skilled crew to install. However, its
beautiful colors will make any home a palace and
the roof should last for as long as the home.
 GREEN ROOF
A green roof is a roof of a building
that is partially or completely
covered with vegetation and a
growing medium, planted over a
waterproofing membrane. It may also
include additional layers such as a
root barrier and drainage and
irrigation systems. (The use of
“green” refers to the growing trend of
environmentalism and does not refer
to roofs which are merely colored
green, as with green roof tiles or roof
shingles.)
Green roofs are also referred to as
eco-roofs, oikosteges, vegetated
roofs, living roofs, and green roofs.
GREEN ROOF
 COOL ROOF
In the world of industrial and
commercial buildings, a roofing
system that can deliver high solar
reflectance (the ability to reflect the
visible, infrared and ultraviolet
wavelengths of the sun, reducing heat
transfer to the building) and high
thermal emittance (the ability to
radiate absorbed, or non-reflected
solar energy) is a cool roof. Most
cool roofs are white or other light
colors.
COOL ROOF
 METAL ROOF

A metal roof, often

referred to as a tin roof, is
a roofing system made
from metal pieces or tiles.
It is a component of the
building envelope
METAL ROOF
SPECIFICATIONS OF A METAL ROOF
•Light Weight
•Portability
•Durability.
•Metal roofs are often used to cover large buildings because of their high
strength to weight ratio.
•Fire and spark resistant.
•Hail resistant.
•Wind resistant.
•Snow shedding
•Metal is readily recyclable. Aluminum and copper roofing products
•Large sprung curves.
•Rolled bull-nose shapes.
•Energy efficiency.
•Disadvantages
•Care must be taken on large roofs to provide for thermal movement.
•Movement caused by differences in temperature may cause objectionable noises
in some roofs, for example curved roof surfaces. But in roofing this is a rare
phenomenon not commonly experienced.
•Care must be taken with all metal roof products to avoid incompatible materials.
Dissimilar metals can cause unexpected and rapid corrosion.
•Metal refining and production and transport of metal roof components can be
energy-intensive and almost always a non-local activity. The flipside of this is the
relatively clean and energy saving process of metal recycling. Some of the metals
that are used today like Aluminum and Copper are routinely over 80% recycled
content. Even 200 year old Copper can be easily and inexpensively recycled.
•Expensive
Applications of Metal Roofing
Metal Roofing is a very versatile building material. It is durable. It can be used on
residential, commercial, industrial or agricultural buildings. It is not only used in
roofing applications, but also may be used as a wall covering. There are many
different profiles and styles available to fit most every building situation.
One may also combine shapes for aesthetic impact. Using the same material and
same color but different shapes can have an impact on curb appeal and building
value. Alternatively different metals can be used to create interesting color
combinations.
•MATERIAL TYPES
•Corrugated galvanized steel describes the original product that was wrought iron–steel sheet coated with zinc and then
roll formed into corrugated sheets. This product is still used today in most areas. The newer push of modern architecture
and “green” products has brought these products back to the foreground.
•A blend of zinc, aluminum and silicon-coated steel. Sold under various trade names like "Zincalume", “galvalume”, etc.
Sometimes left in the raw zinc finish, but more widely used as a base metal under factory coated colors.
•Metal tile sheets, most often painted or stone-coated steel.
•Stainless steel. Available for harsh conditions and/or as distinctive design element. Usually roll-formed into standing
seam profiles but shingles are available.
•Aluminum - One of the longest-lasting metals, but somewhat expensive compared to steel products. Aluminum roofs are
very lightweight, corrosion-resistant, have high natural reflectivity and even higher natural emissivity. These properties
help increase a building's energy efficiency. Aluminum products with Kynar paints easily last over 50 years. The newest
innovation is anodizing of the Aluminum Coil stock for use in architectural details and standing seam panels. Anodizing is
embedded in the grain of the metal and is not normally subject to weathering and wear.
•Installing a copper roof in a park
•Copper - Usually used for flashing or smaller highly detailed areas like entryways and bays. Expensive. At the Lyle
Center for Regenerative Studies copper is used for regenerative principles of sustainable design: if the building were ever
to be dismantled the copper would be reused because of its high value in recycling and variety of possible uses.
•Stone coated steel - Panels made from zinc/aluminum-coated steel with acrylic gel coating. The stones are usually a
natural product with a colored ceramic coating.
•IBR or Inverted Box Rib is a low-cost corrugated square-fluted iron roofing. It can be commonly seen all the way from
industrial sites to low-income shacks.
 SKYLIGHT
Skylight is any horizontal window, Roof lantern or Oculus, placed at the roof of
the building, often used for day lighting. Skylights admit more light per unit area
than windows, and distribute it more evenly over a space.
The optimal area of skylights (usually quantified as "effective aperture") varies
according to climate, latitude, and the characteristics of the skylight, but is usually
4-8% of floor area. The thermal performance of skylights is affected by
stratification, i.e. the tendency of warm air to collect in the skylight wells, which in
cool climates increases the rate of heat loss. During warm seasons, skylights with
transparent glazing will cause internal heat problems, which is best treated by
placing white translucent acrylic over or under the transparent skylight glazing.
Skylights can also double for natural ventilation systems
With proper skylight design, there can be significant energy savings in commercial
and industrial applications. Savings from day lighting can cut lighting energy use
by up to 80 percent.
Poorly constructed or installed skylights may have leaking problems and single-
paned skylights may weep with condensation. Using modern designs with proper
installation will eliminate issues with leaks and provide greater energy efficiency.
SKYLIGHT
 ATRIUM

Atrium designs are typically used to address

several specific issues concerning aesthetics,
thermal conditioning, and lighting.
From the viewpoint of aesthetics, atriums are
utilized to set mood, define space and
provide an environment for growing
plants.
Thermally, atriums can be used to
supplement heating needs or provide
breezeways to help with ventilation
and cooling
ENERGY EFFICIENT ATRIUM DESIGN
 
an atrium weather the open courtyard. atrium is a slated courtyard on the side of or within a
building. If issues of hooting, cooling, and lighting are ignored, atrium deigns can add
significant to the energy cost of the building as well as require above-average energy to
maintain comfort within them. On the other heed, energy-efficient atrium spaces can
contribute savings through natural lighting passive heating, and natural cooling abates .

•PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING OPPORTUNITIES

•NATURAL COOLING OPPORTUNITIES
•DAYLIGHTING OPPORTUNITIES
•Winter GARDEN Atrium DESIGN
•PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
OPPORTUNITIES

•NATURAL COOLING
OPPORTUNITIES

•DAYLIGHTING
OPPORTUNITIES

• WINTER GARDEN
ATRIUM DESIGN